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=== User: here si a talk on the topic ... === here si a talk on the topic ... what think now? 1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,566 This idea changes everything, 2 00:00:01,866 --> 00:00:04,000 suggesting that even the laws of physics themselves 3 00:00:04,000 --> 00:00:07,566 might evolve, adapt, and learn over time. 4 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:10,433 So tonight's question is, 5 00:00:11,066 --> 00:00:14,366 if you could ask the universe one question, 6 00:00:14,766 --> 00:00:16,866 and have it answer truthfully, 7 00:00:17,466 --> 00:00:18,766 what would you ask it? 8 00:00:18,766 --> 00:00:20,966 We were kind of cheeky and we were gonna ask, 9 00:00:20,933 --> 00:00:23,133 "What is the one question we should ask you?" 10 00:00:25,266 --> 00:00:25,300 Anymore? We'll do one or two more. 11 00:00:26,733 --> 00:00:28,566 Is there such a thing as objective truth? 12 00:00:30,066 --> 00:00:31,633 That gets answered in this talk. 13 00:00:36,066 --> 00:00:37,400 Funnily enough, we've actually, yeah, 14 00:00:37,400 --> 00:00:38,800 we've got Mr. Universe. 15 00:00:39,866 --> 00:00:41,866 We'll have one final one 16 00:00:41,866 --> 00:00:45,866 Is there, like... not is there a God? Is there a higher power 17 00:00:45,866 --> 00:00:46,066 Yes, let's... 18 00:00:46,033 --> 00:00:47,866 let's get into it. Um... 19 00:00:47,900 --> 00:00:49,733 Please give it up for our speaker tonight. 20 00:00:49,733 --> 00:00:50,733 This is Thomas Bradley. 21 00:00:58,566 --> 00:00:59,366 Uh, hello guys. 22 00:00:59,366 --> 00:01:01,100 My name is Thomas. 23 00:01:01,266 --> 00:01:04,600 I studied computational physics in Edinburgh. 24 00:01:04,566 --> 00:01:06,033 Graduated two years ago. 25 00:01:06,500 --> 00:01:09,366 Since then, I've been working on sports and AI. 26 00:01:09,566 --> 00:01:13,233 So professionally, me and Anadi 27 00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:16,366 do automated event analysis in football games. 28 00:01:16,766 --> 00:01:17,666 Then... 29 00:01:18,633 --> 00:01:21,266 the reason I've chased this kind of dream 30 00:01:21,266 --> 00:01:22,966 outside of physics, of 31 00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:25,866 being essentially chess.com 32 00:01:25,866 --> 00:01:27,500 but for sports, using videos, 33 00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:28,866 is because it would just be very, 34 00:01:28,866 --> 00:01:30,733 very valuable to many people. 35 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:32,766 So this is me doing jiu-jitsu. 36 00:01:33,366 --> 00:01:36,600 and then you can talk to a Joe Rogan AI 37 00:01:37,066 --> 00:01:38,733 Yeah, this is what I kind of work on. 38 00:01:39,533 --> 00:01:40,666 That's a good one. 39 00:01:40,933 --> 00:01:43,433 Ryan put you through the ringer on that one, yeah. 40 00:01:43,433 --> 00:01:46,033 Give me some advice so I can improve, Joe. 41 00:01:48,266 --> 00:01:49,900 Well, first thing, man, 42 00:01:49,900 --> 00:01:51,500 you gotta figure out how to 43 00:01:51,500 --> 00:01:53,266 keep him from passing your guard 44 00:01:53,266 --> 00:01:57,133 so easily. That's perfect. Hahaha. 45 00:01:58,833 --> 00:02:01,100 Keeping your hands in, keeping your knees tight, 46 00:02:01,133 --> 00:02:03,966 and re-guarding before he settles into side control 47 00:02:03,966 --> 00:02:06,133 or mount, and mount escapes. 48 00:02:06,433 --> 00:02:07,633 That's huge, okay? 49 00:02:09,033 --> 00:02:09,533 Yeah, you get the idea. 50 00:02:09,533 --> 00:02:10,466 So that's what I'm up to. 51 00:02:10,500 --> 00:02:12,366 in startups. But... 52 00:02:13,033 --> 00:02:15,633 Yeah, I have a bit of a quirk, in that... 53 00:02:17,033 --> 00:02:18,833 I have an idea that I came up with 54 00:02:18,833 --> 00:02:21,866 when I was doing computational physics at Edinburgh. 55 00:02:22,633 --> 00:02:26,766 And the idea is that the fundamental update rule 56 00:02:27,266 --> 00:02:28,533 that we see in physics, 57 00:02:28,533 --> 00:02:31,066 what's called the fundamental Theory of Everything, 58 00:02:31,700 --> 00:02:33,366 is caused by a constructor. 59 00:02:34,466 --> 00:02:36,033 If that idea is correct, 60 00:02:36,033 --> 00:02:36,533 it will be the most significant 61 00:02:36,533 --> 00:02:36,600 it will be the most significant 62 00:02:36,600 --> 00:02:37,666 it will be the most significant 63 00:02:37,666 --> 00:02:39,133 thing to happen to physics 64 00:02:39,166 --> 00:02:40,766 in the last 100 years. 65 00:02:41,766 --> 00:02:46,700 So, originally, I came up with this idea via an approach 2, 66 00:02:46,666 --> 00:02:48,833 so, the evolution of information. 67 00:02:48,933 --> 00:02:51,833 I worked with the director of the Higgs Centre, 68 00:02:52,333 --> 00:02:53,666 uh, named Turok, 69 00:02:54,666 --> 00:02:58,066 um, on the first approach. So, um, 70 00:02:58,300 --> 00:03:00,300 I think that's impossible. 71 00:03:00,300 --> 00:03:03,300 So, just as an example, I have an undergraduate with me. 72 00:03:04,366 --> 00:03:07,900 In Edinburgh he came to me (3 years ago) six months ago, 73 00:03:07,900 --> 00:03:10,400 and he's been reading all kinds of crazy books. 74 00:03:10,400 --> 00:03:12,333 He's actually doing engineering physics, 75 00:03:12,333 --> 00:03:16,000 but he'd read David Deutsch's book on 76 00:03:15,966 --> 00:03:17,733 something about impossibility. 77 00:03:22,133 --> 00:03:24,366 Something like that. It's an absolutely beautiful book, 78 00:03:24,366 --> 00:03:27,133 which I highly recommend. And, um, 79 00:03:27,133 --> 00:03:30,233 and we've been discussing, you know, 80 00:03:31,766 --> 00:03:34,666 the general question of the emergence of complexity 81 00:03:34,666 --> 00:03:35,366 in the universe. 82 00:03:35,366 --> 00:03:39,000 The universe is extremely simple on small scales, right? 83 00:03:38,966 --> 00:03:39,933 There's the Higgs, 84 00:03:40,266 --> 00:03:42,200 and then there's particle physics, and that's it. 85 00:03:42,166 --> 00:03:45,333 No evidence for anything else. And then on large scales, 86 00:03:45,366 --> 00:03:46,600 it's utterly simple too. 87 00:03:46,600 --> 00:03:50,100 But in between, there's this horrible, complicated mess. 88 00:03:50,466 --> 00:03:51,733 And if we think in a bigger picture, 89 00:03:51,766 --> 00:03:55,433 where are we going? Where is AI going to go? 90 00:03:55,866 --> 00:03:58,566 Where is humankind going to travel into space, 91 00:03:58,566 --> 00:04:00,900 explore the universe, change the universe? 92 00:04:01,300 --> 00:04:04,866 You know, so there's this enormous scope for complexity 93 00:04:04,866 --> 00:04:06,400 in the middle, while 94 00:04:06,400 --> 00:04:09,900 there's extreme simplicity at both ends of the spectrum. 95 00:04:10,533 --> 00:04:11,833 Okay. How... 96 00:04:11,900 --> 00:04:13,500 how do you describe, 97 00:04:14,266 --> 00:04:17,466 uh, or how do you attempt to model a system like that, 98 00:04:17,666 --> 00:04:19,900 which is complicated and complex in the middle 99 00:04:19,966 --> 00:04:22,600 and extremely simple at the two ends: 100 00:04:22,566 --> 00:04:24,566 small scales and very large scales? 101 00:04:24,900 --> 00:04:27,533 And anyway, so he's an... 102 00:04:27,533 --> 00:04:29,133 he's an undergraduate, and 103 00:04:29,133 --> 00:04:30,200 you know, if... 104 00:04:30,166 --> 00:04:31,666 and I'm telling him, 105 00:04:32,366 --> 00:04:34,966 I'm encouraging him to 106 00:04:35,266 --> 00:04:37,666 approach these possibly difficult questions. 107 00:04:37,666 --> 00:04:39,033 I'm honest with him: 108 00:04:39,266 --> 00:04:42,500 The chances of actually making progress are tiny. 109 00:04:43,000 --> 00:04:44,033 Um, but... 110 00:04:45,166 --> 00:04:46,733 Okay, so then, 111 00:04:46,766 --> 00:04:49,266 I think I've actually made quite a bit of progress. So... 112 00:04:52,066 --> 00:04:55,266 so I worked on this in, kind of, my spare time 113 00:04:55,300 --> 00:04:57,666 and came up with a separate approach. 114 00:04:57,866 --> 00:05:01,000 So the second approach is called the Constructor Gap. 115 00:05:01,166 --> 00:05:03,166 That's the one I'll kind of explain first. 116 00:05:03,166 --> 00:05:05,033 The background on it, hopefully, it makes sense, 117 00:05:05,066 --> 00:05:06,533 and then we'll go back to the 118 00:05:07,866 --> 00:05:09,900 second approach, but the first approach that I came up with. 119 00:05:11,666 --> 00:05:13,433 So the first approach, 120 00:05:13,466 --> 00:05:16,566 the Constructor Gap, is simply a logical inference. 121 00:05:17,900 --> 00:05:20,666 So a logical inference, an example of one 122 00:05:20,666 --> 00:05:23,966 is that every Pints of Knowledge event sells pints. 123 00:05:24,133 --> 00:05:26,900 Axiom 2: I'm at a Pints of Knowledge event. 124 00:05:27,133 --> 00:05:28,866 Therefore, what must be true, 125 00:05:28,866 --> 00:05:31,866 what you can infer from those axioms, 126 00:05:32,066 --> 00:05:35,166 is that I can buy a pint. So, logical inference, 127 00:05:35,166 --> 00:05:36,200 that's what that is. 128 00:05:37,766 --> 00:05:40,066 Here's the logical inference that I'm proposing. 129 00:05:41,133 --> 00:05:43,366 Axiom 1 from computational physics: 130 00:05:43,533 --> 00:05:45,866 Our reality has a fundamental update rule called 131 00:05:45,866 --> 00:05:48,166 the Theory of Everything that's consistently applied. 132 00:05:48,566 --> 00:05:50,266 Axiom 2, constructor theory: 133 00:05:50,400 --> 00:05:53,500 Any transformation that's reliably caused in reality, 134 00:05:54,166 --> 00:05:56,300 uh, there must be a constructor 135 00:05:56,300 --> 00:05:57,833 that enacts that transformation. 136 00:05:57,933 --> 00:05:59,466 Therefore, the logical inference 137 00:05:59,466 --> 00:06:01,800 is that fundamental constructors exist. 138 00:06:02,333 --> 00:06:05,000 Some object exists in fundamental reality 139 00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:07,466 that enacts the update rule 140 00:06:07,466 --> 00:06:09,766 we describe as the Theory of Everything. 141 00:06:11,500 --> 00:06:13,333 It's a very small step in logic. 142 00:06:13,333 --> 00:06:16,300 but it is a giant leap in perspective 143 00:06:17,500 --> 00:06:19,333 because if it is correct 144 00:06:19,333 --> 00:06:21,300 then we can edit the laws of physics. 145 00:06:21,933 --> 00:06:25,200 The fine-tuning paradox, which is the idea that, 146 00:06:25,166 --> 00:06:26,900 we don't have an explanation for why 147 00:06:26,933 --> 00:06:29,066 the laws have a very specific form. 148 00:06:29,400 --> 00:06:31,066 There are essentially like 149 00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:33,433 30 ^ 100 150 00:06:33,533 --> 00:06:36,700 mutations you can make on the fundamental update rules, 151 00:06:36,666 --> 00:06:38,433 like their values, 152 00:06:38,466 --> 00:06:39,266 in string theory at least. 153 00:06:39,766 --> 00:06:41,900 It's an open question of why 154 00:06:42,733 --> 00:06:44,500 we have the ones that we have. 155 00:06:44,500 --> 00:06:45,466 no one can answer it, 156 00:06:46,300 --> 00:06:49,566 this work explains that the answer is evolution, 157 00:06:49,566 --> 00:06:53,033 same as the explanation for the specificity 158 00:06:53,133 --> 00:06:54,533 at other levels of abstraction, 159 00:06:54,533 --> 00:06:56,833 like evolution, like DNA. 160 00:06:57,666 --> 00:07:00,300 The length of every person's genome, 161 00:07:00,333 --> 00:07:02,433 a human's is like 2 billion base pairs. 162 00:07:03,133 --> 00:07:04,966 Therefore there are four possible 163 00:07:05,066 --> 00:07:07,266 nucleotide bases on each of those base pairs, 164 00:07:07,300 --> 00:07:09,833 so there's four to the power of 2 billion 165 00:07:10,133 --> 00:07:11,600 so there's 4 ^ 2,000,000,000 166 00:07:11,866 --> 00:07:13,800 possible permutations of your DNA. 167 00:07:13,866 --> 00:07:16,666 But the reason it has a very specific structure 168 00:07:16,666 --> 00:07:18,166 is because it evolved to be like that. 169 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:24,166 Similarly, this resolves fine-tuning, 170 00:07:24,166 --> 00:07:26,466 many laws of physics that could possibly exist. 171 00:07:26,666 --> 00:07:27,900 This work says that evolution 172 00:07:27,933 --> 00:07:29,966 explains the specific form of the ours. 173 00:07:30,966 --> 00:07:33,466 Then reality does not need to run on a computer. 174 00:07:33,466 --> 00:07:34,900 it negates simulation theory 175 00:07:34,900 --> 00:07:37,400 i'll explain how, then heat death is incorrect. 176 00:07:38,800 --> 00:07:40,766 Reality is consistently novel, 177 00:07:40,766 --> 00:07:43,666 and God isn't real because you can't have... 178 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:47,266 what this kind of reframes reality to look like, 179 00:07:47,266 --> 00:07:48,700 it's not actually my reframing 180 00:07:48,666 --> 00:07:51,166 it's Deutsch's reframing, who came up with Constructor Theory, 181 00:07:51,166 --> 00:07:52,633 which this is built on top of. 182 00:07:53,066 --> 00:07:54,866 But that reframe says that 183 00:07:54,900 --> 00:07:57,433 the space of possible information structures 184 00:07:57,500 --> 00:07:58,566 that we explore is like 185 00:07:58,566 --> 00:08:00,800 genuinely infinite, therefore 186 00:08:00,800 --> 00:08:01,966 you can't have a perfect, 187 00:08:01,966 --> 00:08:03,800 infallible structure such as God. 188 00:08:03,800 --> 00:08:04,833 That's why religion's wrong. 189 00:08:06,266 --> 00:08:07,400 The heat death isn't correct 190 00:08:07,400 --> 00:08:10,033 because the heat death is what happens when you run 191 00:08:10,066 --> 00:08:11,333 our current laws of physics 192 00:08:11,366 --> 00:08:12,700 for eternity. 193 00:08:13,166 --> 00:08:15,400 If the current laws of physics can be edited, 194 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:18,900 the heat death isn't a necessary consequence because... 195 00:08:21,066 --> 00:08:22,433 yeah, you can edit them. 196 00:08:26,333 --> 00:08:28,566 Okay, so in order to 197 00:08:29,966 --> 00:08:31,166 explain these two axioms, 198 00:08:31,166 --> 00:08:33,300 that's what the next section is about. 199 00:08:33,333 --> 00:08:35,266 I'll explain the background for the two axioms. 200 00:08:36,166 --> 00:08:36,966 Um, 201 00:08:37,166 --> 00:08:39,133 yeah, just a quick show of hands. 202 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:40,866 If everyone wants to put their hand up 203 00:08:40,866 --> 00:08:42,233 if they know who Einstein is 204 00:08:43,533 --> 00:08:45,033 And then Darwin, 205 00:08:46,666 --> 00:08:47,466 Dawkins, 206 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:49,766 what the word fallible means, 207 00:08:51,533 --> 00:08:52,333 fine tuning, 208 00:08:53,466 --> 00:08:55,866 the Game of Life and David Deutsch. 209 00:08:57,400 --> 00:08:58,333 Yeah, okay. 210 00:08:58,333 --> 00:09:01,833 So I just want to understand where everyone... 211 00:09:02,366 --> 00:09:03,500 how everyone thinks of these, 212 00:09:03,500 --> 00:09:04,966 because these are the type of topics 213 00:09:04,966 --> 00:09:06,400 we'll touch on in this talk. 214 00:09:06,400 --> 00:09:10,100 So hopefully you all know what all of those mean, by the end of the talk. 215 00:09:11,866 --> 00:09:13,400 Um, so firstly computational physics, 216 00:09:17,166 --> 00:09:19,566 so what I'm doing here is explaining the first axiom, 217 00:09:21,066 --> 00:09:22,666 which is computational physics, 218 00:09:22,666 --> 00:09:25,400 that reality is discrete, finite and computable. 219 00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:26,466 The kind of frontier 220 00:09:26,466 --> 00:09:28,366 model of computational physics that we have 221 00:09:28,366 --> 00:09:29,900 is the Wolfram Physics model. 222 00:09:30,133 --> 00:09:32,133 So this is an example of a hypergraph 223 00:09:32,133 --> 00:09:34,500 being updated by a rule. So 224 00:09:35,566 --> 00:09:38,333 the only idea that we need to take from here is, 225 00:09:38,333 --> 00:09:40,400 we need to take from Wolfram physics, 226 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:43,866 is that it is entirely possible, 227 00:09:43,866 --> 00:09:47,600 and it's the perspective that we take for axiom one, 228 00:09:47,566 --> 00:09:48,533 that 229 00:09:49,566 --> 00:09:51,466 reality is something updated by a 230 00:09:51,500 --> 00:09:53,800 pretty finite and describable rule. 231 00:09:54,066 --> 00:09:57,700 So the universe has to evolve by applying the rules 232 00:09:57,666 --> 00:09:59,600 that progressively update this network. 233 00:09:59,866 --> 00:10:00,966 And each possible rule 234 00:10:00,966 --> 00:10:03,500 in a sense corresponds to a candidate universe. 235 00:10:03,866 --> 00:10:04,666 That's all. 236 00:10:04,666 --> 00:10:07,133 That's Stephen Wolfram talking about his theory. 237 00:10:07,933 --> 00:10:09,400 But that's the only thing we need. 238 00:10:09,400 --> 00:10:12,366 Reality is updated by a single rule 239 00:10:12,366 --> 00:10:13,666 we call the fundamental theory of everything. 240 00:10:15,466 --> 00:10:17,466 And then the nice thing from Wolfram Physics did 241 00:10:17,466 --> 00:10:20,000 that revolutionized physics in 2019 242 00:10:20,066 --> 00:10:21,700 is that they derived quantum mechanics 243 00:10:21,733 --> 00:10:22,966 and general relativity 244 00:10:23,066 --> 00:10:24,900 as numerically reducible parsings 245 00:10:24,900 --> 00:10:26,166 of this hypergraph structure 246 00:10:26,166 --> 00:10:27,700 that's updated by a fundamental rule. 247 00:10:28,166 --> 00:10:33,166 So yeah, you have so much work in physics, 248 00:10:33,166 --> 00:10:35,433 because it's such a deeply complex system, 249 00:10:35,766 --> 00:10:37,500 and quantum mechanics and general relativity 250 00:10:37,566 --> 00:10:38,733 are our best 251 00:10:38,733 --> 00:10:41,800 abstract descriptions of what's happening in reality. 252 00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:43,500 But they derived that 253 00:10:43,500 --> 00:10:45,166 you can have this underlying reality 254 00:10:45,166 --> 00:10:48,566 and then describe it at a numerically reducible level, 255 00:10:49,533 --> 00:10:50,900 and that gives a mathematics 256 00:10:50,900 --> 00:10:52,666 consistent with quantum mechanics and general relativity. 257 00:10:54,866 --> 00:10:55,900 So that's pretty important. 258 00:10:55,900 --> 00:10:59,900 So that means Axiom 1 seems to be incredibly valid. 259 00:11:01,766 --> 00:11:04,600 Axiom 2 is from Constructor Theory. 260 00:11:05,366 --> 00:11:07,666 So Constructor Theory is super simple. 261 00:11:07,666 --> 00:11:08,066 It's nice 262 00:11:08,066 --> 00:11:09,866 because it's literally just information theory, 263 00:11:09,866 --> 00:11:10,533 and that means it 264 00:11:10,533 --> 00:11:13,133 generalizes to every person's everyday life 265 00:11:13,133 --> 00:11:15,400 because all we are is information. 266 00:11:16,766 --> 00:11:18,300 Knowledge is information 267 00:11:18,300 --> 00:11:19,500 that tends to remain through time. 268 00:11:19,500 --> 00:11:21,266 Constructors embody knowledge, 269 00:11:21,666 --> 00:11:24,066 therefore they remain after an interaction. 270 00:11:24,666 --> 00:11:27,633 Examples being enzymes, gliders, and DNA. 271 00:11:27,933 --> 00:11:34,100 So platinum is a constructor in this interaction 272 00:11:34,066 --> 00:11:36,466 because it remains in the output. 273 00:11:36,533 --> 00:11:39,366 So it causes some transformation and then remains. 274 00:11:39,366 --> 00:11:40,700 That's what defines a constructor. 275 00:11:45,333 --> 00:11:47,133 The best way to explain this whole 276 00:11:47,133 --> 00:11:49,866 idea of Constructor Theory is through the Game of Life. 277 00:11:51,400 --> 00:11:51,933 Everyone... 278 00:11:51,933 --> 00:11:53,566 I don't know how many people know the Game of Life, 279 00:11:53,566 --> 00:11:54,566 but I'll explain it. 280 00:11:54,566 --> 00:11:57,900 So it's what's called a cellular automaton. 281 00:11:57,933 --> 00:12:00,600 It's literally just a grid of cells, 282 00:12:00,566 --> 00:12:02,933 and then you have an update rule on this grid of cells. 283 00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:06,366 Super simple update rule. So, uh, 284 00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:08,166 a new cell is created 285 00:12:08,266 --> 00:12:11,666 if it's not alive and it has 3 neighbors, 286 00:12:11,666 --> 00:12:13,666 then in the next update it is alive. 287 00:12:14,066 --> 00:12:16,366 And then a cell that is alive survives 288 00:12:16,366 --> 00:12:18,600 if 2 or 3 neighbors are alive. 289 00:12:19,266 --> 00:12:20,433 Everything else dies. 290 00:12:21,166 --> 00:12:23,133 So that's a really good way for explaining 291 00:12:23,133 --> 00:12:24,866 the principles of Constructor Theory, 292 00:12:25,066 --> 00:12:28,633 because the first principle is that knowledge is hard to vary. 293 00:12:28,666 --> 00:12:33,700 So this is the Game of Life running on a computer. 294 00:12:36,133 --> 00:12:38,066 This glider constitutes knowledge 295 00:12:38,066 --> 00:12:40,766 because it interacts and creates itself in the output. 296 00:12:40,766 --> 00:12:42,100 So if you imagine 297 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:45,633 the glider is interacting with the 298 00:12:45,866 --> 00:12:47,033 funciton Game of Life 299 00:12:47,066 --> 00:12:49,866 and consistently recreating itself in the output. 300 00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:54,566 Okay, so then knowledge is hard to vary. 301 00:12:54,666 --> 00:12:57,400 That means if you vary the form of the glider, 302 00:12:57,800 --> 00:13:00,066 it won't recreate itself in the output. 303 00:13:00,066 --> 00:13:06,833 So if I made a random structure like this word, femes, 304 00:13:06,833 --> 00:13:09,566 in the Game of Life, and run it 305 00:13:09,566 --> 00:13:10,833 it doesn't remain. 306 00:13:10,866 --> 00:13:14,466 It's destroyed. A few seconds later it's gone. 307 00:13:14,466 --> 00:13:16,500 It's hard to vary, hard to create, therefore... 308 00:13:17,133 --> 00:13:18,633 um, yeah. 309 00:13:19,766 --> 00:13:21,033 So... 310 00:13:24,566 --> 00:13:26,900 It is parochial and fallible also. 311 00:13:26,866 --> 00:13:29,200 So that's another property of knowledge. 312 00:13:29,500 --> 00:13:31,366 So if I have this glider object, 313 00:13:33,066 --> 00:13:35,566 yeah, and then I change the update rules... 314 00:13:42,966 --> 00:13:45,800 So that's literally just changing the rules very slightly. 315 00:13:45,800 --> 00:13:47,666 so it's all about... 316 00:13:48,700 --> 00:13:53,066 Whenever we talk about truth being subjective, 317 00:13:53,066 --> 00:13:55,900 are there subjective and objective truths? 318 00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:58,000 Like, the answer is no. 319 00:13:58,533 --> 00:14:00,566 All we ever have is knowledge, 320 00:14:00,800 --> 00:14:04,366 and it's only ever fit for the environment 321 00:14:04,366 --> 00:14:05,200 it's evolved in. 322 00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:08,733 So the exact same thing, this glider is knowledge 323 00:14:08,733 --> 00:14:10,800 in the update rules we previously described. 324 00:14:11,166 --> 00:14:12,900 But if you update the rules, 325 00:14:12,866 --> 00:14:16,266 so if I press update rules and then run it again, 326 00:14:16,533 --> 00:14:19,300 then it's no longer knowledge. 327 00:14:20,200 --> 00:14:21,000 It's destroyed, 328 00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:22,700 and the universe is completely different. 329 00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:24,800 So there's no such thing as objective truth. 330 00:14:25,466 --> 00:14:27,600 It's all relative to the medium it exists in, 331 00:14:29,300 --> 00:14:31,800 thats a lot cooler than i expected it to be. 332 00:14:40,866 --> 00:14:44,066 Yeah, so there's no such thing as objective truth. 333 00:14:45,300 --> 00:14:47,200 It's all just parochial and fallible. 334 00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:49,200 And that's a principle from Constructor Theory again. 335 00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:50,066 These aren't my ideas. 336 00:14:50,066 --> 00:14:54,233 This is Constructor Theory, it's just the axiom. (axiom 2) 337 00:14:54,333 --> 00:14:56,133 But yeah, this is where we kind of come back to. 338 00:14:56,133 --> 00:15:00,300 So objects, kinda abstract, but its useful for framing 339 00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:03,266 That's really a Constructor Theory goes deep. 340 00:15:03,266 --> 00:15:05,300 But 2 more important piece of information... 341 00:15:05,300 --> 00:15:07,366 information is defined by counterfactual potential. 342 00:15:07,366 --> 00:15:08,633 -- the potential will be different 343 00:15:08,700 --> 00:15:11,866 and objects are defined by abstract properties, 344 00:15:11,866 --> 00:15:13,766 so you can define a glider object 345 00:15:13,766 --> 00:15:16,066 as the structure that moves sqr root 2. 346 00:15:16,366 --> 00:15:20,233 grid cells, diagonally, every 4 iterations. 347 00:15:20,233 --> 00:15:21,900 thats what objects mean 348 00:15:22,033 --> 00:15:24,966 Some abstract numerically reducible parsing. 349 00:15:24,933 --> 00:15:25,733 um... 350 00:15:26,666 --> 00:15:30,066 Okay, but transformations are caused by constructors. 351 00:15:30,066 --> 00:15:32,166 Remember, constructors cause transformations. 352 00:15:33,933 --> 00:15:38,266 But is the Game of Life rules themselves, 353 00:15:38,266 --> 00:15:40,100 are they a transformation in the system? 354 00:15:40,066 --> 00:15:41,600 Are they a constructor in the system? 355 00:15:41,666 --> 00:15:43,733 No, they aren't a constructor 356 00:15:43,733 --> 00:15:45,400 until you include the computer memory. 357 00:15:45,666 --> 00:15:47,300 So the whole idea is, 358 00:15:48,566 --> 00:15:50,433 the function Game of Life, uh, 359 00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:53,366 yeah, it only 360 00:15:54,266 --> 00:15:56,466 is a constructor when you include the computer memory. 361 00:15:56,466 --> 00:15:58,966 And there are obviously analogies here with 362 00:15:59,066 --> 00:16:00,366 the fundamental laws of physics. 363 00:16:00,366 --> 00:16:01,700 So it's the exact same diagram 364 00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:02,800 because it's not a constructor. 365 00:16:03,700 --> 00:16:05,966 So this is our current view of reality. 366 00:16:06,166 --> 00:16:07,833 Back to the Wolfram physics system. 367 00:16:08,500 --> 00:16:11,200 then this is why people believe in simulation theory, 368 00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:13,566 because we see that we have 369 00:16:13,933 --> 00:16:15,966 a fundamental update law in reality, 370 00:16:17,866 --> 00:16:19,633 but no one can explain where it comes from. 371 00:16:19,666 --> 00:16:21,000 Therefore, physicists say, 372 00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:21,066 oh, 373 00:16:21,066 --> 00:16:23,466 we must exist in a simulation because we have this update rule. 374 00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:25,200 And that's exactly how cellular automata. 375 00:16:25,300 --> 00:16:26,833 Game of Life, etcetera, all work. 376 00:16:27,333 --> 00:16:30,466 This work proposes an alternative and says that no, 377 00:16:30,466 --> 00:16:33,066 you can actually just have a constructor object 378 00:16:33,166 --> 00:16:35,700 that exists in our environment 379 00:16:35,700 --> 00:16:37,833 and causes the fundamental transformation 380 00:16:37,866 --> 00:16:39,533 that we describe as the 381 00:16:39,666 --> 00:16:42,000 fundamental theory of everything. 382 00:16:44,566 --> 00:16:46,533 Okay, so that's like Part 1 done. 383 00:16:46,533 --> 00:16:48,133 That's the first approach, 384 00:16:48,133 --> 00:16:49,400 which is the logical inference: 385 00:16:50,733 --> 00:16:51,933 that for any transformation, 386 00:16:51,933 --> 00:16:54,266 you need a constructor that doesn't exist in physics. 387 00:16:54,566 --> 00:16:58,233 I've theorized about it and called it 'Feme', um. 388 00:17:01,366 --> 00:17:02,666 Okay, so then... 389 00:17:05,066 --> 00:17:07,433 This is Charles Darwin and this is Richard Dawkins. 390 00:17:08,066 --> 00:17:19,433 Part Two. 391 00:17:19,733 --> 00:17:21,900 So reality is all about evolution. 392 00:17:23,366 --> 00:17:25,833 Evolution is repeated cycles of imperfect 393 00:17:25,866 --> 00:17:28,200 copying of information, as we have in DNA, 394 00:17:28,300 --> 00:17:29,533 and then they're selected on 395 00:17:29,533 --> 00:17:32,833 by their ability to create phenotypes that will, uh, 396 00:17:32,933 --> 00:17:36,166 recreate them. So this is exactly what a 397 00:17:37,500 --> 00:17:38,566 replicator is. So, 398 00:17:38,566 --> 00:17:40,966 the first part of this is actually kind of important. 399 00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:44,566 The first part is that this reality must embody a 400 00:17:45,266 --> 00:17:47,366 constructor object to enact the 401 00:17:47,666 --> 00:17:48,800 fundamental theory of reality. 402 00:17:48,800 --> 00:17:49,966 But my work goes further 403 00:17:49,966 --> 00:17:51,700 and says that it's not just a constructor, 404 00:17:51,700 --> 00:17:54,066 it should also be a replicator. Um... 405 00:17:54,933 --> 00:17:56,366 And then why do I do that? 406 00:17:56,366 --> 00:17:57,900 Uh, because... 407 00:18:01,666 --> 00:18:03,900 Okay, so this is what replicators are. Uh... 408 00:18:04,700 --> 00:18:06,266 Replicators interact with their environment 409 00:18:06,266 --> 00:18:07,366 and create phenotypes, 410 00:18:07,466 --> 00:18:10,166 and then they create copies of themselves as well. 411 00:18:10,166 --> 00:18:12,133 So a replicator is a constructor 412 00:18:12,133 --> 00:18:14,400 that can also cause the transformation 413 00:18:14,366 --> 00:18:16,866 of creating an identical copy of itself. 414 00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:21,200 So yeah, then... 415 00:18:23,866 --> 00:18:25,700 What Von Neumann did 416 00:18:25,733 --> 00:18:27,000 does anyone know who Von Neumann is? 417 00:18:28,766 --> 00:18:30,800 So he was at Los Alamos, he's like 418 00:18:30,800 --> 00:18:32,566 one of the major players in the Manhattan Project, 419 00:18:32,566 --> 00:18:33,400 but he wasn't in Oppenheimer. 420 00:18:35,133 --> 00:18:40,100 But he came up with, like, he did so much different stuff. 421 00:18:40,066 --> 00:18:42,900 But one of the things he did was pretty underrated. 422 00:18:42,933 --> 00:18:43,900 So everyone knows 423 00:18:43,866 --> 00:18:46,633 Watson and Crick discovered the DNA molecule in, like, 424 00:18:46,666 --> 00:18:48,966 the '50s. Like, five years before that, 425 00:18:49,333 --> 00:18:51,066 Von Neumann theorized that it must exist 426 00:18:51,066 --> 00:18:52,466 because he said that it's impossible 427 00:18:52,466 --> 00:18:53,900 for an organism to exist 428 00:18:53,933 --> 00:18:56,433 without having a recipe for its own self-assembly. 429 00:18:56,800 --> 00:18:58,833 That's what he did, that's what he said. 430 00:18:59,366 --> 00:19:00,766 He theorized the existence of 431 00:19:00,800 --> 00:19:05,200 like a DNA molecule in terms of its properties, 432 00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:06,700 not of its exact structure. 433 00:19:07,700 --> 00:19:09,700 And that's exactly what this work does 434 00:19:09,700 --> 00:19:10,766 for fundamental reality. 435 00:19:10,766 --> 00:19:14,266 It says that there must be a recipe for its creation 436 00:19:14,466 --> 00:19:15,200 and the very, 437 00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:18,700 very specific reality that we, uh, see and experience. 438 00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:20,966 Um, and this also Alan Turing (the goat) 439 00:19:21,066 --> 00:19:22,700 he did a lot in information theory. 440 00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:25,266 Yeah, um... 441 00:19:26,666 --> 00:19:28,066 Universal Darwinism. 442 00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:32,000 Darwin came up with, uh, 443 00:19:32,266 --> 00:19:34,400 evolutionary theory but applied it only to Genes. 444 00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:37,966 Dawkins in the '70s extended it to Memetics. 445 00:19:37,966 --> 00:19:40,133 So if I put my thumbs up 446 00:19:40,133 --> 00:19:41,666 and everyone looks at my thumb, 447 00:19:42,300 --> 00:19:44,733 your brain... like, have you ever seen those really 448 00:19:44,733 --> 00:19:46,766 wacky kind of mind reading things? 449 00:19:46,933 --> 00:19:48,966 Uh, recently, with things like... 450 00:19:49,300 --> 00:19:51,166 thoughts-to-text systems. 451 00:19:51,466 --> 00:19:52,866 That's because your mind 452 00:19:52,966 --> 00:19:56,366 represents objects by their neural connections, therefore, 453 00:19:56,500 --> 00:19:58,733 if I give a thumbs up and you look at it, 454 00:19:58,733 --> 00:20:01,166 you imagine a thumbs up with neural connections. 455 00:20:01,166 --> 00:20:02,900 So that's a very, very specific 456 00:20:02,866 --> 00:20:05,133 abstract object that you've created in your head. 457 00:20:05,166 --> 00:20:07,566 That's the exact same as a gene 458 00:20:07,733 --> 00:20:09,166 in terms of it being a replicator, 459 00:20:09,266 --> 00:20:13,033 because I just made 40 of these objects in this room 460 00:20:13,133 --> 00:20:14,066 in everyone's brains. 461 00:20:15,766 --> 00:20:17,333 So that's how replication works 462 00:20:17,333 --> 00:20:20,033 at the level of abstraction of memes. 463 00:20:20,133 --> 00:20:22,366 That's what Dawkins came up with in the '70s, 464 00:20:22,366 --> 00:20:24,300 and it led to Susan Blackmore, 465 00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:26,666 who extended it to computer codes. 466 00:20:26,666 --> 00:20:31,600 So this is how reality actually looks if you parse it, 467 00:20:31,566 --> 00:20:32,666 which is completely valid. 468 00:20:32,700 --> 00:20:34,133 It's Universal Darwinism. 469 00:20:34,133 --> 00:20:36,866 It's like parsing all reality into replicators 470 00:20:36,866 --> 00:20:37,766 and phenotypes. 471 00:20:38,533 --> 00:20:42,366 Uh, phenotypes are the objects in reality 472 00:20:42,366 --> 00:20:47,266 that a replicator causes by enacting transformations. 473 00:20:48,466 --> 00:20:53,300 DNA causes trees and squids, and memes cause yin and yang, and tractors 474 00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:55,700 and temes cause Facebook 475 00:20:55,700 --> 00:20:58,000 and everyone's loading system on phones. 476 00:20:59,266 --> 00:21:02,666 What this work does is, uh, 477 00:21:02,666 --> 00:21:04,400 it spreads it out to the fundamental realm 478 00:21:04,366 --> 00:21:05,866 and says that there are not 479 00:21:06,766 --> 00:21:12,433 3 abstract replicators in reality - there are 4 480 00:21:12,800 --> 00:21:14,566 And the fundamental one is the one that's 481 00:21:14,566 --> 00:21:16,800 responsible for the fundamental laws of physics. 482 00:21:19,366 --> 00:21:20,666 Okay, but, uh, 483 00:21:21,566 --> 00:21:23,500 if you knows much about physics 484 00:21:23,500 --> 00:21:26,866 and you're trying to contribute to, like, the physics ecosystem, 485 00:21:26,866 --> 00:21:28,933 you'll get called a crackpot pretty often. 486 00:21:28,933 --> 00:21:30,400 And their main, like, 487 00:21:30,366 --> 00:21:31,933 avenue of attack is that 488 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:33,366 you don't have predictions from your theory. 489 00:21:33,366 --> 00:21:34,966 But this one does have predictions. 490 00:21:35,066 --> 00:21:36,166 They're just pretty hard to find. 491 00:21:36,866 --> 00:21:40,700 So all of these systems, uh, embody error-correcting codes. 492 00:21:40,700 --> 00:21:43,133 Error-correcting codes are extremely advantageous 493 00:21:43,133 --> 00:21:46,866 to have in evolutionarily. It means that you can, uh, 494 00:21:47,800 --> 00:21:49,466 propagate your information structure 495 00:21:49,466 --> 00:21:51,533 even when you have errors. 496 00:21:51,533 --> 00:21:54,000 An example being, if I say the sentence, 497 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:56,466 "He is a doctor who is respected for his work," 498 00:21:56,500 --> 00:21:59,066 everyone can create the meme of a 499 00:21:59,333 --> 00:22:01,400 respected male doctor in their brains, 500 00:22:01,533 --> 00:22:03,200 even if you missed he or his, because 501 00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:05,366 there are two references to the gender. 502 00:22:06,366 --> 00:22:08,333 So that's how error-correction works 503 00:22:08,333 --> 00:22:10,066 at the level of memetics. 504 00:22:11,500 --> 00:22:13,833 There are many error-correction codes in, uh, 505 00:22:13,933 --> 00:22:15,966 memes and genes also. 506 00:22:16,500 --> 00:22:18,833 Therefore, they must exist in Femes. 507 00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:21,966 That's prediction one. Then secondly, 508 00:22:22,133 --> 00:22:23,833 all knowledge is fallible. 509 00:22:25,133 --> 00:22:26,066 Therefore, 510 00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:29,333 Femes are similarly fallible. 511 00:22:29,333 --> 00:22:30,966 They're just an abstract information set 512 00:22:30,966 --> 00:22:32,433 that have an environment in which they will 513 00:22:32,433 --> 00:22:33,666 fail to propagate. 514 00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:34,800 Therefore, 515 00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:37,000 the laws of physics as we currently experience them 516 00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:39,633 can be edited, and then... 517 00:22:41,166 --> 00:22:46,233 Yeah, essentially just Femes are the exact same as any other replicator 518 00:22:46,233 --> 00:22:49,066 they embody 2 programs, one for their phenotype, 519 00:22:49,066 --> 00:22:52,333 and one for creating an identical copy of themselves 520 00:22:52,333 --> 00:22:56,600 and then 4 - essentially just fine-tuning. 521 00:22:56,866 --> 00:22:59,400 There are many, many, many forms, 522 00:22:59,366 --> 00:23:01,333 possible forms of the laws of physics. 523 00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:06,233 Um, the ability to support life is very, very rare, 524 00:23:06,333 --> 00:23:06,733 therefore, 525 00:23:06,733 --> 00:23:09,000 it's been selected by the evolutionary process. 526 00:23:09,866 --> 00:23:12,266 So yeah, that's because knowledge is hard, 527 00:23:12,300 --> 00:23:16,000 very hard to come by. Remember the glider 528 00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:17,633 And the vast majority of objects not propagating 529 00:23:17,933 --> 00:23:19,100 Um, yeah. 530 00:23:19,066 --> 00:23:20,066 So that's fine-tuning. 531 00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:21,566 um... 532 00:23:25,300 --> 00:23:29,166 So this is pretty interesting. 533 00:23:29,866 --> 00:23:31,933 I don't know how many people know about Lex Friedman, 534 00:23:31,966 --> 00:23:33,566 but this is a really, really, uh, 535 00:23:33,566 --> 00:23:34,533 famous scientist. 536 00:23:34,533 --> 00:23:37,066 He was on, like, Barack Obama's Department of Defense, 537 00:23:37,066 --> 00:23:38,666 but he was a string theory guy before. 538 00:23:39,966 --> 00:23:42,066 but this is a very nice 50 seconds 539 00:23:42,066 --> 00:23:44,000 that stands out to you about these objects 540 00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:46,266 that you just find? Yes, they're very... 541 00:23:48,066 --> 00:23:49,200 Yes, there is. 542 00:23:49,366 --> 00:23:52,533 The craziest thing about these to me 543 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:57,266 is that when you look at physics 544 00:23:57,566 --> 00:23:58,900 and try to write equations 545 00:23:58,933 --> 00:24:02,200 where information gets transmitted reliably, 546 00:24:03,466 --> 00:24:05,800 if you're in one of these supersymmetrical systems 547 00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:08,066 with this extra symmetry, that doesn't happen 548 00:24:08,066 --> 00:24:09,933 unless there's an error correction code present. 549 00:24:10,300 --> 00:24:12,766 So it's as if the universe says, 550 00:24:12,766 --> 00:24:14,500 "You don't reliably transmit information 551 00:24:14,500 --> 00:24:15,200 unless 552 00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:16,766 there's something about an error correction code." 553 00:24:16,766 --> 00:24:17,066 This to me 554 00:24:17,066 --> 00:24:18,400 is the craziest thing 555 00:24:18,700 --> 00:24:21,633 that I've ever personally encountered in my research, 556 00:24:21,766 --> 00:24:24,066 and it's actually got me to wondering 557 00:24:24,533 --> 00:24:26,000 how this could come about, 558 00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:27,833 because the only place in nature 559 00:24:28,066 --> 00:24:30,566 that we know about error-correcting codes is genetics. 560 00:24:31,033 --> 00:24:32,166 And in genetics, 561 00:24:32,500 --> 00:24:34,866 we think it was evolution that caused error-correcting 562 00:24:34,866 --> 00:24:36,266 codes to be in genomes. 563 00:24:36,666 --> 00:24:38,300 And so does that mean that there was some kind of 564 00:24:38,300 --> 00:24:39,266 form of evolution 565 00:24:39,266 --> 00:24:41,466 acting on the mathematical laws of physics 566 00:24:41,866 --> 00:24:45,033 of our universe? It's a very bizarre and strange idea. 567 00:24:45,066 --> 00:24:46,966 It's something I've wondered about from time to time 568 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:48,866 since making these discoveries. 569 00:24:49,566 --> 00:24:50,500 Okay, um, 570 00:24:50,566 --> 00:24:52,866 so then the last thing that you 571 00:24:52,966 --> 00:24:56,066 would probably be interested in seeing is, 572 00:24:56,133 --> 00:24:57,966 what does AI think about this? 573 00:25:01,766 --> 00:25:04,666 I opened it on my work account aswell... 574 00:25:04,700 --> 00:25:07,866 AI is absurdly sychophantic if anyone has has much dealing with it. 575 00:25:09,166 --> 00:25:12,633 If you tell it I wrote this paper. It will be too crazy. 576 00:25:12,700 --> 00:25:14,366 on the work account signed in and said 577 00:25:14,366 --> 00:25:15,433 "What do you think of this paper?" 578 00:25:15,766 --> 00:25:19,200 It'll review the paper just exactly it understands what im saying 579 00:25:19,366 --> 00:25:20,166 And then, 580 00:25:22,866 --> 00:25:24,833 "I want you to assess if it's correct." 581 00:25:24,933 --> 00:25:25,766 Uh, it could be. 582 00:25:25,766 --> 00:25:28,000 highly speculative 583 00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:31,300 Defines a legitimate unsolved problem in physics, 584 00:25:31,300 --> 00:25:33,200 constructor gap, 585 00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:34,466 makes testable predictions, 586 00:25:34,966 --> 00:25:36,966 solves this... It's not an easy solution. 587 00:25:37,066 --> 00:25:38,766 makes successful predictions, 588 00:25:39,966 --> 00:25:42,333 connects to existing evidence. 589 00:25:42,333 --> 00:25:43,800 It is completely theoretical, 590 00:25:43,800 --> 00:25:45,666 but it's a logical inference from 591 00:25:45,666 --> 00:25:47,566 the experiments that 592 00:25:48,733 --> 00:25:51,866 will prove or disprove it are like unknowable, um... 593 00:25:53,866 --> 00:25:56,600 So it's up to future people to determine 594 00:25:56,666 --> 00:25:57,766 whether or not this is correct. 595 00:25:57,766 --> 00:25:59,366 But logically, it seems very sound. 596 00:26:09,866 --> 00:26:11,800 I can get into the Q&A, right? 597 00:26:14,533 --> 00:26:15,833 Do you wanna go? yeah. 598 00:26:15,966 --> 00:26:18,133 So you theorize that this exists, 599 00:26:18,133 --> 00:26:20,466 so everything is unit of information. 600 00:26:21,033 --> 00:26:24,666 And what was it, a replicator, or was it, uh, 601 00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:25,566 or phenotype 602 00:26:26,066 --> 00:26:27,666 No but anyway, 603 00:26:27,933 --> 00:26:29,366 aren't you technically assuming that 604 00:26:29,366 --> 00:26:31,133 there's an original unit of information 605 00:26:31,133 --> 00:26:33,033 for the evolution to take place on? 606 00:26:33,566 --> 00:26:35,133 Like, what do you mean? 607 00:26:35,366 --> 00:26:36,166 Like... 608 00:26:36,866 --> 00:26:39,100 So you have, let's say you have a unit of information on a gene, 609 00:26:39,500 --> 00:26:42,233 and then that's applied by that mutation 610 00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:45,700 or something to produce the expression of that mutation. 611 00:26:45,700 --> 00:26:47,866 Yeah, so what you're doing there is 612 00:26:48,666 --> 00:26:49,566 essentially 613 00:26:49,966 --> 00:26:52,466 attacking evolutionary theory from an origin 614 00:26:52,466 --> 00:26:55,500 perspective. Like, 100%, valid, makes sense. 615 00:26:55,533 --> 00:26:56,166 is unanswered 616 00:26:56,166 --> 00:26:58,600 but I don't really need to solve that, because like, 617 00:26:58,566 --> 00:26:59,633 I can just piggyback off 618 00:26:59,666 --> 00:27:03,233 the fact that we accept evolutionary theory for genetics. 619 00:27:03,566 --> 00:27:03,966 Therefore, 620 00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:06,300 you can use the same logic to do it for .. 621 00:27:06,733 --> 00:27:07,533 Yeah. 622 00:27:08,266 --> 00:27:08,400 Point is, 623 00:27:08,366 --> 00:27:10,000 there are so many questions here that I won't be able to 624 00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:12,366 answer beyond, like, 625 00:27:12,366 --> 00:27:13,666 how you handle another theory. 626 00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:17,500 Is there any actual example of a law of physics 627 00:27:17,500 --> 00:27:18,766 that's evolved, 628 00:27:18,766 --> 00:27:22,066 say, from between the Big Bang, theoretically, and now? 629 00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:24,500 And secondly, what's doing the selection 630 00:27:24,500 --> 00:27:26,066 if you're saying it's evolving? 631 00:27:26,666 --> 00:27:28,833 The environment always does the selection. 632 00:27:29,566 --> 00:27:31,100 But um, 633 00:27:31,933 --> 00:27:35,100 yeah, there are no examples of when it's evolved. 634 00:27:35,066 --> 00:27:37,233 Stephen Wolfram always talks about trying to find 635 00:27:37,533 --> 00:27:38,933 changes in the laws of physics, 636 00:27:38,933 --> 00:27:40,800 and he has a bunch of ways he's trying to do it, 637 00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:43,566 but it hasn't succeeded yet, because like, 638 00:27:43,566 --> 00:27:45,800 even if they did evolve, how could you tell.. now? 639 00:27:46,133 --> 00:27:48,200 Like, things are completely lost to entropy, 640 00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:52,766 so you can't experiment with things that are lost 641 00:27:52,766 --> 00:27:54,700 to time and entropy, you can't see 642 00:27:54,733 --> 00:27:57,066 Roman chariots and do experiments on them. 643 00:27:57,200 --> 00:27:58,366 Same thing, like, 644 00:27:58,466 --> 00:28:02,533 femes and their previous form are abstract objects, 645 00:28:02,533 --> 00:28:04,733 like Roman chariots, that will disappear. 646 00:28:04,733 --> 00:28:06,833 Therefore, you can't really do experiments on them. Um... 647 00:28:08,366 --> 00:28:09,966 Are there not some analyses on the cosmic 648 00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:13,366 microwave background and sort of the fact that... Yeah. 649 00:28:13,366 --> 00:28:16,266 Yeah, so there are artifacts of that, 100%, exactly. 650 00:28:16,266 --> 00:28:18,766 So there are artifacts of the previous reality, 651 00:28:18,766 --> 00:28:20,400 such as the Colosseum. Therefore... 652 00:28:20,666 --> 00:28:21,666 but uh, 653 00:28:22,266 --> 00:28:24,666 they're incomplete and, yeah, 654 00:28:24,666 --> 00:28:26,300 I don't know if I'm answering your question. 655 00:28:26,300 --> 00:28:26,666 You are. 656 00:28:27,133 --> 00:28:28,500 You had another, please? 657 00:28:29,566 --> 00:28:31,066 No, I think you answered it first. 658 00:28:34,166 --> 00:28:37,333 I sort of understand how memes and genes can replicate, 659 00:28:37,333 --> 00:28:38,733 but I'm struggling to understand 660 00:28:38,733 --> 00:28:41,266 the level of abstraction around, uh, 661 00:28:41,266 --> 00:28:44,800 how, um, femes can replicate and how, like, a fundamental, 662 00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:46,766 like, unit of information could, 663 00:28:47,066 --> 00:28:49,400 could replicate. So could you talk a bit about that? 664 00:28:49,966 --> 00:28:51,033 Yeah, uh... 665 00:28:51,933 --> 00:28:54,766 First off, a good thing to think about is, uh, 666 00:28:55,066 --> 00:28:56,433 the rate of replication. 667 00:28:56,466 --> 00:28:59,100 So if you compare the rate of replication of temes, 668 00:28:59,566 --> 00:29:02,600 like our phones have changed pretty considerably 669 00:29:02,566 --> 00:29:07,833 in the last year. So we have four levels of abstract, uh, 670 00:29:07,866 --> 00:29:08,666 replicators. 671 00:29:08,866 --> 00:29:13,000 Temes replicate by far the most rapidly, then memes. 672 00:29:13,700 --> 00:29:15,966 I hope I've created some new ideas in your heads, 673 00:29:15,966 --> 00:29:17,666 just like your memetic system, 674 00:29:17,666 --> 00:29:19,966 and your brain has changed slightly. 675 00:29:20,866 --> 00:29:22,833 Genes change every 25 years. 676 00:29:22,866 --> 00:29:25,666 Then it's logical to assume that we wouldn't be able to 677 00:29:25,666 --> 00:29:28,866 see any mutation to the fundamental 678 00:29:29,333 --> 00:29:33,433 feme on a timescale that we can observe very easily. 679 00:29:34,366 --> 00:29:36,766 But yeah, the replication mechanism... 680 00:29:36,766 --> 00:29:39,666 I don't have a clue. The Jim Gates-type stuff, 681 00:29:39,666 --> 00:29:42,000 there's a bunch of work in like quantum loop gravity, 682 00:29:42,566 --> 00:29:45,233 supersymmetry, and all those, uh, 683 00:29:45,366 --> 00:29:47,166 the likes of those information systems, 684 00:29:47,300 --> 00:29:50,933 where the idea would be to find the structure 685 00:29:50,933 --> 00:29:52,166 that enacts the transformation 686 00:29:52,166 --> 00:29:55,233 and then try and get that structure to, uh, 687 00:29:55,266 --> 00:29:57,700 create a copy of itself. But like, 688 00:29:57,733 --> 00:29:58,500 yeah, if it exists.. 689 00:29:58,466 --> 00:30:00,233 it certainly does that. Like, 690 00:30:00,866 --> 00:30:03,166 there certainly will be a copy of the self-replicator, 691 00:30:03,166 --> 00:30:04,566 which you can't experimentally verify. 692 00:30:04,566 --> 00:30:06,366 I don't know how that experiment is possible. (but it is possible) 693 00:30:06,366 --> 00:30:09,466 The possibility that the laws of physics 694 00:30:09,966 --> 00:30:11,966 sort of change and evolve, 695 00:30:11,966 --> 00:30:13,900 does that link in a way to like 696 00:30:13,933 --> 00:30:16,166 the incompleteness of mathematics? 697 00:30:16,166 --> 00:30:17,333 Yeah, exactly. 698 00:30:17,333 --> 00:30:18,500 I was tempted, I was like, 699 00:30:18,466 --> 00:30:19,900 "Why talk about Gödel's in this talk?" 700 00:30:19,933 --> 00:30:21,366 Yeah, probably not. 701 00:30:21,366 --> 00:30:23,466 Um, but yeah, 702 00:30:23,466 --> 00:30:24,966 that's the piece about. 703 00:30:26,300 --> 00:30:27,733 Everything being subjective 704 00:30:27,733 --> 00:30:30,900 and it all being environment- and context-dependent. 705 00:30:31,133 --> 00:30:34,400 Like, the massive thing that happened... 706 00:30:34,666 --> 00:30:35,466 I don't know, this is a tangent 707 00:30:36,766 --> 00:30:37,500 but it's interesting, 708 00:30:37,466 --> 00:30:40,466 and it frames why this is philosophically significant, 709 00:30:40,533 --> 00:30:42,700 is that whenever the Greeks came up with maths, 710 00:30:42,700 --> 00:30:43,666 the Greeks were like, 711 00:30:43,700 --> 00:30:46,933 "Maths is this perfect alternative universe." 712 00:30:46,933 --> 00:30:48,666 That's Platonic, they called it, 713 00:30:48,666 --> 00:30:50,100 which means that it's like perfect. 714 00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:54,600 It's objectively true. And then you have, uh, 715 00:30:55,100 --> 00:30:55,966 like our reality, 716 00:30:55,966 --> 00:30:58,200 which is messy and incomplete and environment- 717 00:30:58,366 --> 00:31:00,700 and context-dependent. And then in the 1920s, 718 00:31:00,733 --> 00:31:01,366 this guy, Gödel, 719 00:31:01,366 --> 00:31:02,800 came along and said that 720 00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:05,066 no matter what your axioms are, 721 00:31:05,266 --> 00:31:06,466 they are always incomplete. 722 00:31:06,466 --> 00:31:08,000 You can always use those axioms 723 00:31:07,966 --> 00:31:09,966 to create new structures that exist 724 00:31:09,966 --> 00:31:13,166 outside of that. So it's like a self... 725 00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:15,866 Uh, there's someone earlier you said about, 726 00:31:15,866 --> 00:31:17,633 kind of the 'question for the universe'. 727 00:31:17,666 --> 00:31:19,166 What's the question for the universe? 728 00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:21,733 Self-referential systems are 729 00:31:21,733 --> 00:31:23,700 a really easy way to break any system. 730 00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:25,233 So you broke the kind of, uh, 731 00:31:25,733 --> 00:31:29,200 "Universe, talk to me about yourself" by self-reference. 732 00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:30,800 Gödel did the same thing for mathematics. 733 00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:34,466 He disproved the objective nature of mathematics 734 00:31:34,466 --> 00:31:36,533 by causing it to be kind of self-referential. 735 00:31:36,566 --> 00:31:37,633 and then breaking down 736 00:31:37,666 --> 00:31:39,600 which therefore showed that the Greek's idea about 737 00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:42,266 uh, reality being Platonic 738 00:31:42,266 --> 00:31:44,700 or mathematics being Platonic was wrong. 739 00:31:45,333 --> 00:31:46,600 So it's a bit of a... 740 00:31:49,266 --> 00:31:51,266 it's a bit of like a breakdown in mathematics, 741 00:31:51,266 --> 00:31:53,066 and then exactly the same thing goes. 742 00:31:53,066 --> 00:31:54,733 Physicists have this concept that 743 00:31:54,733 --> 00:31:56,266 physics is some beautiful, 744 00:31:57,066 --> 00:31:59,000 immutable structure that exists 745 00:31:58,966 --> 00:32:00,733 and will continue to exist forever. 746 00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:02,700 This shows that it 747 00:32:02,700 --> 00:32:05,600 is completely reasonable for fundamental physics to be 748 00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:07,600 context-dependent and to change. 749 00:32:08,300 --> 00:32:10,133 How do you define the environment 750 00:32:10,133 --> 00:32:11,466 when you talk about the environment 751 00:32:11,466 --> 00:32:12,833 causing the selection? 752 00:32:16,133 --> 00:32:19,100 Uh, anything external to itself that interacts with it. 753 00:32:19,700 --> 00:32:22,200 Okay, so what you're getting at is like, 754 00:32:22,333 --> 00:32:24,333 interaction is so difficult to define 755 00:32:24,333 --> 00:32:26,300 in this circumstance, which is very, 756 00:32:26,300 --> 00:32:27,800 very valid, but it's... 757 00:32:29,066 --> 00:32:31,366 you can not really worry about that. 758 00:32:31,366 --> 00:32:33,500 It's like the logical inference is clean. 759 00:32:33,700 --> 00:32:36,933 That's fine, the fundamental nature of how 760 00:32:36,933 --> 00:32:39,433 information is composed and interacts with itself 761 00:32:39,766 --> 00:32:42,566 isn't fully defined, but that doesn't, 762 00:32:42,566 --> 00:32:44,266 disprove the logical inference. 763 00:32:44,666 --> 00:32:45,466 Does that 764 00:32:45,600 --> 00:32:47,700 imply that the rules of physics could be different 765 00:32:47,700 --> 00:32:49,266 in different places in the universe? 766 00:32:49,333 --> 00:32:51,566 Yeah, technically. So, like, there's a, 767 00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:52,100 I'd say, 768 00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:54,266100% chance that there's an alien civilization a few 769 00:32:54,266 --> 00:32:54,933 light-years away 770 00:32:54,933 --> 00:32:56,466 that have already invented the knowledge 771 00:32:56,466 --> 00:32:58,300 to disrupt the current laws of physics. 772 00:33:01,866 --> 00:33:02,666 Haha. 773 00:33:13,933 --> 00:33:16,600 What's the... so you said, Von Neumann, 774 00:33:16,966 --> 00:33:19,766 said there has to be some, like, 775 00:33:19,766 --> 00:33:21,366 way of storing the information, 776 00:33:21,366 --> 00:33:22,400 and he didn't know what it was. 777 00:33:22,366 --> 00:33:24,600 And then Watson and Crick went and found DNA, 778 00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:26,300 is there the same sort of... 779 00:33:26,766 --> 00:33:33,166 is there DNA for the sort of parameters of physics? 780 00:33:33,666 --> 00:33:35,466 Yeah, does that apply? And then what, 781 00:33:35,466 --> 00:33:36,600 what structure does that take? 782 00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:39,466 And is that, like, infinitesimally small? 783 00:33:39,466 --> 00:33:41,400 Like, why haven't we been able to see some sort of, 784 00:33:41,366 --> 00:33:43,200 some kind of structure for that? Mmm-hmm. 785 00:33:46,300 --> 00:33:49,433 Yeah, like, infinitesimally is a weird word there. Like, 786 00:33:50,866 --> 00:33:52,766 it's just reality is composed of information. 787 00:33:52,766 --> 00:33:55,600 Information is composed of bits - yes or no questions. 788 00:33:55,700 --> 00:33:56,466 Um... 789 00:33:57,733 --> 00:34:01,000 So, yeah, essentially all this works says... 790 00:34:00,966 --> 00:34:02,166 is we're saying 791 00:34:02,200 --> 00:34:04,466 the exact same thing as Von Neuamnn said about DNA. 792 00:34:04,466 --> 00:34:05,600 There must be a... 793 00:34:06,466 --> 00:34:08,000 There's a specific transformation, 794 00:34:07,966 --> 00:34:10,100 there's a structure that causes a specific transformation, 795 00:34:10,133 --> 00:34:11,533 and that must be a constructor. 796 00:34:11,533 --> 00:34:13,766 And then in order for it to propagate throughout 797 00:34:13,766 --> 00:34:15,800 and embody such large volumes of knowledge, 798 00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:17,266 it also must be a replicator. 799 00:34:18,466 --> 00:34:21,733 Yeah, then i don't give much more information 800 00:34:21,733 --> 00:34:23,333 somebody else can figure it out. Yeah. 801 00:34:25,700 --> 00:34:28,200 the biologists of the universe can figure out the DNA. Yeah, yeah. 802 00:34:28,200 --> 00:34:29,700 So it's, yeah, exactly. 803 00:34:31,766 --> 00:34:34,366 I mean, if you continue on the genetic analogy, right? 804 00:34:34,366 --> 00:34:37,366 I guess in terms of genetic transfer of information, 805 00:34:37,366 --> 00:34:39,033 is the idea of life, right? 806 00:34:39,300 --> 00:34:41,866 That which life lives and propagates 807 00:34:41,866 --> 00:34:44,566 is what's causing the information to continue. 808 00:34:44,566 --> 00:34:48,200 So in the sort of fundamental universal context, 809 00:34:48,266 --> 00:34:50,700 the idea is, I guess, order versus chaos. 810 00:34:50,966 --> 00:34:53,966 But in a sort of life or genetic analogy, 811 00:34:53,966 --> 00:34:56,100 we can understand why living continues. 812 00:34:56,333 --> 00:34:58,700 Why does the order come in as opposed to the chaos? 813 00:34:58,733 --> 00:35:00,966 Yes, so that's the... on the prediction 3, 814 00:35:00,966 --> 00:35:03,400 essentially what you're getting at is, um, 815 00:35:03,966 --> 00:35:05,566 why would the 816 00:35:06,933 --> 00:35:09,400 why is this universe constituting knowledge? 817 00:35:09,733 --> 00:35:13,500 So the DNA survives because it's able to create a human, 818 00:35:13,500 --> 00:35:14,866 like, it's able to create a human body 819 00:35:14,866 --> 00:35:17,433 that can create more DNA. Yeah. 820 00:35:17,466 --> 00:35:18,633 And spread it. Yeah. 821 00:35:18,633 --> 00:35:19,966 Spread the ideas. That's... 822 00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:21,733 Uh, reality... 823 00:35:21,733 --> 00:35:24,466 The feme has evolved to have a very specific, 824 00:35:24,766 --> 00:35:26,766 uh, balance between order and chaos 825 00:35:26,766 --> 00:35:27,600 that 826 00:35:28,100 --> 00:35:31,466 strikes at the point where we can evolve complex life 827 00:35:31,466 --> 00:35:33,300 that can potentially evolve technology 828 00:35:33,300 --> 00:35:36,933 to edit and mutate and propagate the feme structure. 829 00:35:38,466 --> 00:35:39,266 Okay. Okay. 830 00:35:46,500 --> 00:35:48,133 Any other? yeah. Hi. 831 00:35:48,133 --> 00:35:49,866 Um, with DNA replication, 832 00:35:49,866 --> 00:35:51,233 you have at some point 833 00:35:51,233 --> 00:35:53,766 a stop codon that will stop the replication. 834 00:35:54,133 --> 00:35:57,066 So is there a stop codon for femes? 835 00:35:57,333 --> 00:36:00,100 I don't know, maybe that's... 836 00:36:00,100 --> 00:36:01,466 you want to just take principles, 837 00:36:01,466 --> 00:36:03,433 and that's what constructor theory did. 838 00:36:03,433 --> 00:36:04,566 That's why I like it so much. 839 00:36:04,566 --> 00:36:06,333 If anyone has time, uh, 840 00:36:06,833 --> 00:36:07,833 you can 841 00:36:07,966 --> 00:36:10,633 give David Deutsch's "The Beginning of Infinity" a read. 842 00:36:10,633 --> 00:36:12,633 It's like... even though 843 00:36:12,633 --> 00:36:15,133 I described constructor theory in like five sentences, 844 00:36:15,133 --> 00:36:16,433 you can deep dive into it 845 00:36:16,433 --> 00:36:17,300 and draw parallels 846 00:36:17,300 --> 00:36:19,033 between all different information systems. 847 00:36:19,033 --> 00:36:20,600 He does that in the beginning of the infinity. 848 00:36:20,933 --> 00:36:21,633 And yeah, so 849 00:36:21,633 --> 00:36:23,900 that's the way we approach this problem of finding 850 00:36:23,900 --> 00:36:25,066 what the feme looks like, 851 00:36:25,100 --> 00:36:28,100 is to take principles from other information systems, 852 00:36:28,100 --> 00:36:29,700 perhaps like a stop codon, 853 00:36:29,700 --> 00:36:33,266 and then look at how they might apply in this 854 00:36:33,266 --> 00:36:34,600 context. So... 855 00:36:38,500 --> 00:36:42,500 Yeah, how do you sort of reconcile the, uh, 856 00:36:42,500 --> 00:36:43,466 the Big Bang 857 00:36:43,466 --> 00:36:47,233 with sort of the evolutionary nature of the feme? 858 00:36:48,666 --> 00:36:50,633 Um, so okay. 859 00:36:50,633 --> 00:36:52,666 So the Big Bang is like something from nothing. 860 00:36:54,133 --> 00:36:57,066 So what results in information? 861 00:36:58,433 --> 00:36:59,333 information. 862 00:37:00,166 --> 00:37:02,900 What does information do? It interacts. 863 00:37:02,900 --> 00:37:04,433 And when information interacts, 864 00:37:04,433 --> 00:37:07,466 knowledge results. Whenever it interacts for long enough. 865 00:37:07,466 --> 00:37:10,266 Replicators that embody that knowledge propagate. 866 00:37:10,833 --> 00:37:12,200 That's what information does. 867 00:37:12,466 --> 00:37:14,266 Therefore, you have the Big Bang. 868 00:37:14,366 --> 00:37:17,133 No physicist had ever - has ever made 869 00:37:18,533 --> 00:37:21,066 any decent conjecture about what happened before. 870 00:37:21,866 --> 00:37:23,766 The only conjecture that this work makes 871 00:37:23,766 --> 00:37:24,866 about what happened before 872 00:37:24,866 --> 00:37:27,233 is that that system must have had 873 00:37:27,233 --> 00:37:28,433 evolutionary dynamics. 874 00:37:29,266 --> 00:37:30,266 So that's what I say. 875 00:37:30,366 --> 00:37:33,000 Like, no one's gone before the Big Bang. 876 00:37:33,300 --> 00:37:34,533 This work is saying that 877 00:37:34,533 --> 00:37:38,300 we don't need to read into it much other than... 878 00:37:38,300 --> 00:37:40,866 it was an evolutionary system that resulted in the feme. 879 00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:43,900 Or what was before the Big Bang 880 00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:46,000 transferred that information into the Big Bang? 881 00:37:46,500 --> 00:37:47,600 Yeah, yeah. 882 00:37:47,600 --> 00:37:50,333 Yeah, and what was before was definitely evolutionary. 883 00:37:52,633 --> 00:37:54,166 I've got two questions, one about... 884 00:37:54,166 --> 00:37:58,833 so the Big Bang being the origin, sort of, uh, 885 00:37:58,833 --> 00:38:01,333 of reality, and then you also spoke about heat death 886 00:38:01,333 --> 00:38:02,833 being sort of the end. 887 00:38:03,033 --> 00:38:05,633 I guess the first bit on, uh, 888 00:38:05,633 --> 00:38:06,633 on the Big Bang. 889 00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:08,833 Physicists sort of 890 00:38:09,966 --> 00:38:12,466 came to the conclusion that there must have been a Big Bang, 891 00:38:13,100 --> 00:38:16,500 sort of backtracking on the current laws of physics. 892 00:38:16,633 --> 00:38:17,000 I guess, 893 00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:19,866 if the laws of physics are constantly changing, 894 00:38:20,166 --> 00:38:24,800 then maybe 14 billion years, the laws of physics were so different that 895 00:38:25,033 --> 00:38:27,166 Big Bang would never... we would have never, yeah, 896 00:38:27,166 --> 00:38:28,800 gone back this far. I get that. 897 00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:29,733 Like, yeah, 898 00:38:29,733 --> 00:38:31,200 the Big Bang is a kind of red herring 899 00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:33,600 in that, if you actually understood the dynamics, 900 00:38:33,600 --> 00:38:35,300 it would trace you back to somewhere else. 901 00:38:35,300 --> 00:38:36,433 I get that, but, uh, 902 00:38:36,700 --> 00:38:39,400 what I think from my perspective, 903 00:38:39,433 --> 00:38:42,966 which isn't any bearing on the kind of logic... 904 00:38:42,966 --> 00:38:44,433 like, I can say whatever I want up here, 905 00:38:44,433 --> 00:38:46,600 but what I'm saying about that is that 906 00:38:46,833 --> 00:38:49,133 I think it seems to make sense to me 907 00:38:49,133 --> 00:38:50,900 that it's more like a human, 908 00:38:51,133 --> 00:38:54,033 like your DNA remains the exact same through your lifetime. 909 00:38:54,300 --> 00:38:55,366 So similarly, 910 00:38:55,366 --> 00:38:58,066 the DNA or feme of the universe remained the same. 911 00:38:58,766 --> 00:39:00,533 So like that guy Niel Turok I worked with, 912 00:39:00,533 --> 00:39:02,033 like he works with, uh, 913 00:39:02,033 --> 00:39:04,366 Penrose and all that stuff on like Big Bang theory. 914 00:39:04,366 --> 00:39:05,833 Like that's what he does, like early cosmology, 915 00:39:05,833 --> 00:39:09,566 universe stuff. But yeah, 916 00:39:09,566 --> 00:39:11,433 it's just they're deeply intelligent dudes 917 00:39:11,433 --> 00:39:12,533 and I don't think they're wrong. 918 00:39:12,566 --> 00:39:16,133 So, but yeah, that's my answer. 919 00:39:16,133 --> 00:39:18,300 And I feel like the Big Bang is like the 920 00:39:18,333 --> 00:39:20,833 embryo. (where DNA = Feme) 921 00:39:21,700 --> 00:39:24,333 How are you going to figure it out or like prove it? 922 00:39:24,333 --> 00:39:26,700 Or how would someone figure out how to prove it? 923 00:39:26,700 --> 00:39:28,933 Yeah, I... I'm probably not going to. 924 00:39:29,833 --> 00:39:33,033 if you had to, like, hazard a guess, 925 00:39:33,133 --> 00:39:34,133 like, how would someone... 926 00:39:34,133 --> 00:39:38,133 Like if I wanted to, like, go back and verify this theory, 927 00:39:38,133 --> 00:39:40,733 like, where would I... like, what would an experiment setup look like? 928 00:39:41,700 --> 00:39:43,666 I would say look at, uh... 929 00:39:44,566 --> 00:39:45,766 what Jim Gates talks about. 930 00:39:45,766 --> 00:39:48,300 So Jim Gates has done all that supersymmetry work, 931 00:39:48,300 --> 00:39:51,100 and he finds these necessary error-correction codes. 932 00:39:51,166 --> 00:39:54,233 So whatever structure those error-correction codes act on 933 00:39:54,233 --> 00:39:55,300 should be a replicator. 934 00:39:55,900 --> 00:39:58,600 But the issue with doing that is that supersymmetry 935 00:39:58,600 --> 00:40:00,900 is really really unlikely to be correct. 936 00:40:01,433 --> 00:40:05,066 But if I was to try and spend time doing it, 937 00:40:05,633 --> 00:40:07,400 first I'd have to talk to AI a load about it. 938 00:40:07,433 --> 00:40:08,700 I'd love to do physics with AI. 939 00:40:08,800 --> 00:40:11,366 It seems like it would be class, but... 940 00:40:11,566 --> 00:40:12,200 Yeah, look, 941 00:40:12,200 --> 00:40:13,766 look a load into Jim Gates' work 942 00:40:13,766 --> 00:40:15,933 and how he got error-correction codes, 943 00:40:15,966 --> 00:40:17,733 and then try and look at things like loop 944 00:40:17,733 --> 00:40:21,233 quantum gravity. where its all just ... so... 945 00:40:22,566 --> 00:40:23,666 There's a load of... 946 00:40:23,766 --> 00:40:25,633 The most successful theories in physics 947 00:40:25,633 --> 00:40:29,400 by a massive amount are all in continuous spaces, like, 948 00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:30,633 uh, quantum field theory, 949 00:40:30,633 --> 00:40:32,166 quantum mechanics, general relativity, 950 00:40:32,166 --> 00:40:34,066 they all exist in continuous spaces. 951 00:40:34,300 --> 00:40:36,500 But reality can't be continuous. 952 00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:38,533 The father of quantum field theory, uh, 953 00:40:38,933 --> 00:40:40,333 Richard Feynman talks about that. 954 00:40:40,333 --> 00:40:42,900 So like, look at discrete fundamental theories 955 00:40:42,900 --> 00:40:45,566 and then find error-correction codes in those, 956 00:40:45,566 --> 00:40:47,400 find what those error-correction codes act on. 957 00:41:05,766 --> 00:41:08,600 Thank you very much to Thomas Bradley. 958 00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:09,833 That was amazing.
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