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Openai/69327c2a-c7a0-800d-ba06-8aabc23238c3
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===== 2-2 人類學/社會學:社會達爾文主義 vs. 合作與互惠 ===== A 把詐騙合理化成「弱者被淘汰,有利於種群進化」,這種說法非常接近 19~20 世紀被稱為「社會達爾文主義」(Social Darwinism) 的思潮。 * 社會達爾文主義曾經用「適者生存」去合理化: - 階級壓迫 - 殖民 - 貧富差距 - 種族優生論等 * 但在二戰之後,尤其是納粹種族主義被徹底否定後, 此類將「自然淘汰機制」直接搬來正當化社會不平等與暴力的論述,在主流學界基本上是「被批判、被拋棄」的一派,通常只會出現在批判史的教材裡,做為反面教材。 相對地,現代人類學與演化社會科學的共識更接近 B 的立場: * 人類的演化優勢在於: - 複雜合作 - 規模化協作 - 制度化信任 - 長期互惠與公平規則 * 過度的掠奪(包括詐騙)雖然能在短期內讓個體獲利,但會侵蝕: - 信任網路 - 社會資本 - 群體合作能力 進而在長期上削弱群體競爭力與穩定性。 換句話說: * 主流人類學/演化論觀點,會認為「穩定的信任與合作機制」才是人類群體的關鍵優勢,不是掠奪與詐騙。 * A 使用「弱者淘汰 → 種群進化」這個框架,基本上跟當代主流是背道而馳,而且還沒有處理「詐騙破壞合作基礎」這個核心反駁。 * B 強調「信任是合作基石」、「破壞契約會導致整體退化」,則與主流研究非常靠攏。
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