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=== ## === (適合基礎較弱學生,自學或課後複習) ==== ### ==== EN Consider an atom traveling at 1% of the speed of light. The de Broglie wavelength is found to be λ=1.46×10−3 pm\lambda = 1.46 \times 10^{-3} \,\text{pm}λ=1.46×10−3pm. Which element is this? 中 一原子以光速的 1% 運動,其德布羅意波長為 λ=1.46×10−3 pm\lambda = 1.46 \times 10^{-3} \,\text{pm}λ=1.46×10−3pm。 該原子最可能是哪一種元素? a. Be b. Zr c. Na d. Fe e. P ===== 德布羅意波長公式: ===== λ=hmv\lambda = \frac{h}{mv}λ=mvh 在速度 vvv 固定時: : ===== 1. 所有原子速度相同(1% 光速) ===== # 波長非常短(10−310^{-3}10−3 pm 等級) # 表示原子質量必須非常大 # 在選項中: - Be、Na、P:輕元素 - Fe:中等 - Zr(鋯):最重 ===== ✅ b. Zr ===== ==== ### ==== EN A photon with wavelength 500 nm provides just enough energy to promote an electron from the second quantum level to the third. From this information, we can deduce: 中 波長為 500 nm 的光子,剛好使電子由第二能階躍遷到第三能階。根據此資訊,可推論出什麼? a. 能階 n=2 的能量 b. 能階 n=3 的能量 c. n=2 與 n=3 能量的總和 d. n=2 與 n=3 能量的差 e. 以上皆是 ===== 電子躍遷時: ===== Ephoton=ΔE=En=3−En=2E_{\text{photon}} = \Delta E = E_{n=3} - E_{n=2}Ephoton=ΔE=En=3−En=2 ===== - 題目說「just enough energy」 ===== * 表示光子能量 正好等於能階差 * 單一能階的絕對能量無法由一個躍遷得知 ===== ✅ d. the difference in energies between n = 2 and n = 3 ===== ==== ### ==== EN Which of the following combinations of quantum numbers is not allowed? 中 下列哪一組量子數是不合法的? a. n=1, l=1, mₗ=0, mₛ=½ b. n=3, l=0, mₗ=0, mₛ=−½ c. n=2, l=1, mₗ=−1, mₛ=½ d. n=4, l=3, mₗ=−2, mₛ=−½ e. n=4, l=2, mₗ=0, mₛ=½ ===== - l=0∼n−1l = 0 \sim n-1l=0∼n−1 ===== * ml=−l∼+lm_l = -l \sim +lml=−l∼+l * ms=±12m_s = \pm \frac12ms=±21 ===== 選項 a: ===== * n=1 時,只允許 l=0 * l=1 不合法 其他選項皆符合量子數規則。 ===== ✅ a ===== ==== ### ==== EN The small but important energy differences between 3s, 3p, and 3d orbitals are mainly due to: 中 3s、3p 與 3d 軌域之間的能量差主要是由什麼造成? a. 可容納電子數 b. 主量子數 c. 不確定性原理 d. 穿透效應 e. 洪特規則 ===== : ===== ===== - 3s、3p、3d 的主量子數相同 ===== * 能量差來自: - 對原子核的穿透能力不同 * s > p > d ===== ✅ d. penetration effect ===== ==== ### ==== EN How many unpaired electrons are there in a sulfur atom in its ground state? 中 硫原子在基態時有幾個未成對電子? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4 ===== - S:原子序 16 ===== * 電子組態: [Ne] 3s2 3p4[Ne]\,3s^2\,3p^4[Ne]3s23p4 * p 軌域共有 3 個 * 依洪特規則: - 先單佔 → 剩 2 個未成對電子 ===== ✅ c. 2 ===== ==== ### ==== EN Which of the following atoms have 10 electrons in the d orbitals? 中 下列哪些原子在 d 軌域中有 10 個電子? a. Mn b. Fe c. Cu d. Zn e. two of the above ===== - Cu:3d104s13d^{10}4s^13d104s1 ===== * Zn:3d104s23d^{10}4s^23d104s2 * Mn、Fe:d 軌域未滿 ===== ✅ e. two of the above(Cu, Zn) ===== ==== ### ==== EN The first ionization energy of Mg is 735 kJ/mol. The second ionization energy is: 中 Mg 的第一游離能為 735 kJ/mol,則第二游離能為? a. 735 b. less than 735 c. greater than 735 d. more information needed e. none of these ===== : ===== ===== ✅ c. greater than 735 kJ/mol ===== ==== ### ==== EN Which of the following orderings give(s) a correct trend in ionization energy? (略,與前面一致) ===== - 游離能: - 同族向下 ↓ - 同週期向右 ↑ ===== * 例外:Al < Mg ===== ✅ c. I and IV ===== ==== ### ==== EN Which of the following statements is true? 中 下列哪一個敘述正確? ===== - Fe²⁺ 與 Fe³⁺: - 同核元素 - 正電越多 → 半徑越小 ===== * 因此: Fe2+>Fe3+\text{Fe}^{2+} > \text{Fe}^{3+}Fe2+>Fe3+ ===== ✅ b ===== ==== ### ==== EN Sodium losing an electron is an _____ process and fluorine losing an electron is an _____ process. 中 Na 失去電子是__反應;F 失去電子是__反應。 ===== - 任何元素「失去電子」=游離能 ===== * 游離能 永遠吸熱(endothermic) ===== ✅ c. endothermic, endothermic =====
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