Editing Openai/691a94b5-7718-8006-a4b8-bdd4b670138b (section)

===== Tree nuts (almonds as a proxy) =====

Recent almond work in California gives some concrete numbers:
* UC/Almond Board economics and cost studies put total operating costs around $3,700–3,800/acre, with custom pesticide application alone around $160–240/acre in recent budgets. The Almond Board of California<ref>{{cite web|title=The Almond Board of California|url=https://www.almonds.org/sites/default/files/2024-12/Economics%20of%20Almond%20Production%20-%20Final.pdf|publisher=The Almond Board of California|access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>
* Additional work on navel orangeworm (NOW) control estimates statewide average cost of pesticides + winter sanitation at ~$344/acre. West Coast Nut<ref>{{cite web|title=West Coast Nut|url=https://wcngg.com/2023/07/01/economic-considerations-for-navel-orangeworm-management-in-almond-orchards/|publisher=West Coast Nut|date=2023-07-01|access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>

When you add herbicides for the tree row, in-season insecticides, fungicides for diseases, and sometimes mating disruption, you’re typically in the low- to mid-hundreds per acre.

Reasonable range for almonds & similar tree nuts:

: ~$250–450/acre per bearing year on chemistries (herbicide + insecticide + fungicide + mating disruption), sometimes higher in high-pressure orchards.