Jump to content
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
Main page
Recent changes
Random page
freem
Search
Search
Appearance
Create account
Log in
Personal tools
Create account
Log in
Pages for logged out editors
learn more
Contributions
Talk
Editing
Openai/69174844-9774-8012-8b69-32262ca5e35a
(section)
Add languages
Page
Discussion
English
Read
Edit
Edit source
View history
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
Read
Edit
Edit source
View history
General
What links here
Related changes
Special pages
Page information
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
==== ### ==== 电磁场的动力学项写为: LEM=−14FμνFμν,Fμν=∂μAν−∂νAμ\mathcal{L}_{EM} = -\frac{1}{4}F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu}, \quad F_{\mu\nu} = \partial_\mu A_\nu - \partial_\nu A_\muLEM=−41FμνFμν,Fμν=∂μAν−∂νAμ 这个形式在规范变换下保持不变,因为导数的差消掉了 ∂μα\partial_\mu\alpha∂μα 项。 ===== 如果人为添加一项 12m2AμAμ\frac{1}{2} m^2 A_\mu A^\mu21m2AμAμ, ===== 那么在规范变换下: Aμ→Aμ−1e∂μα(x)A_\mu \to A_\mu - \frac{1}{e}\partial_\mu \alpha(x)Aμ→Aμ−e1∂μα(x) 这项就会多出交叉项: m2AμAμ→m2(Aμ−1e∂μα)(Aμ−1e∂μα)m^2 A_\mu A^\mu \to m^2 \left(A_\mu - \frac{1}{e}\partial_\mu\alpha\right) \left(A^\mu - \frac{1}{e}\partial^\mu\alpha\right)m2AμAμ→m2(Aμ−e1∂μα)(Aμ−e1∂μα) 会产生额外的 ∂μα\partial_\mu \alpha∂μα 项,破坏规范不变性。 因此,局域 U(1) 对称性禁止出现质量项。 ===== - 四维矢势 AμA_\muAμ 有 4 个分量。 ===== * 规范自由度允许我们去掉 1 个(例如洛伦兹规范)。 * 质量为零意味着传播方程: □Aμ=0,∂μAμ=0\Box A_\mu = 0, \quad \partial_\mu A^\mu = 0□Aμ=0,∂μAμ=0 只剩 2 个横向偏振态。 * 如果有质量项,无法再施加规范条件, 会多出一个纵向偏振模式(3 个自由度),但那已破坏规范对称性。 : ===== 在电弱统一理论中,规范群是 SU(2)L×U(1)YSU(2)_L \times U(1)_YSU(2)L×U(1)Y。 ===== 这些规范玻色子一开始都是无质量的,但通过自发对称性破缺(Higgs 机制), 其中三个组合吸收了希格斯场的 Goldstone 模式,获得质量(成为 W⁺、W⁻、Z⁰), 剩下未破缺的组合对应的无质量规范场就是光子。 :
Summary:
Please note that all contributions to freem are considered to be released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (see
Freem:Copyrights
for details). If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then do not submit it here.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource.
Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)