Editing Openai/6947f938-c5ac-800f-a335-68acb875307e (section)

=== 2. Word-by-word grammatical analysis (iʿrāb) ===

===== فَـ =====
* faʾ = consequence / result particle
* Connects this clause directly to qiṣāṣ

===== مَنْ =====
* Relative/conditional pronoun
* Meaning: whoever
* Subject (مبتدأ) of the conditional structure

📌 This introduces a specific liable person, not a class.

===== عُفِيَ =====
* Passive verb (ماضٍ مبني للمجهول)
* Root: ع ف و (to pardon)
* Meaning: is pardoned

📌 Passive is used because the act (forgiveness) matters, not who initiates it.

===== لَهُ =====
* لِـ = for
* ـهُ = him (singular masculine pronoun)

📌 This is critical
* It refers to one concrete person
* Grammatically cannot refer to: - a category (women, slaves) - a replacement person - a collective

===== مِنْ أَخِيهِ =====
* min = from
* akhīhi = his brother
* akh = brother (singular, possessive)

📌 This tells us who is pardoning whom:
* the victim’s side → pardons → the killer
* and still calls him “brother”

This cannot work if the punished person were a substitute.

===== شَيْءٌ =====
* Indefinite noun
* Marfūʿ (subject of an implied clause)
* Meaning: anything at all

📌 Indicates:
* partial pardon
* full pardon
* diya
* reduced punishment

This makes qiṣāṣ non-automatic.

===== فَاتِّبَاعٌ =====
* fa = consequence
* ittibāʿun = following
* Marfūʿ (predicate of an implied nominal sentence)

Meaning:

: Then there must be proper compliance

===== بِالْمَعْرُوفِ =====
* Prepositional phrase
* Meaning: according to what is recognized as fair

===== وَأَدَاءٌ =====
* Coordinated noun
* Marfūʿ
* Meaning: and payment

===== إِلَيْهِ =====
* to him
* Refers back to the victim’s side

===== بِإِحْسَانٍ =====
* with excellence / goodwill

📌 This completes the diya framework.