Editing Openai/693af22c-95ec-8008-9486-f714a282fa64 (section)

=== Dikötter, Frank. The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945–1957. London: Bloomsbury, 2013. ===
—Detailed treatment of early laogai and laojiao structures; excellent for 1950s political classification.

Dikötter, Frank. Mao’s Great Famine: The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962. London: Bloomsbury, 2010.
—Chapters on coercive labor, public security, and cadre management.

Walder, Andrew G. Fractured Rebellion: The Beijing Red Guard Movement. Harvard University Press, 2009.
—Useful for understanding political policing logic and internal surveillance practices.

Walder, Andrew G. China Under Mao: A Revolution Derailed. Harvard University Press, 2015.
—Strong on the logic of political control, punishment, and cadre behavior.

Yang, Jisheng (杨继绳). 天地翻覆 (Turbulent Decades: A History of the CCP Political Struggle). Hong Kong: 天地图书, 2013.
—Excellent for internal Party political logic, case-handling processes, and cadre discipline.

Liu, Xiaobo. “Laogai and Human Rights in China.” China Rights Forum (2000).
—Overview of laogai functions and methods of political remolding.

Li, Ling (李玲). Legitimating the Laogai: The Political Logic of Reeducation-Through-Labor in the PRC. PhD diss., University of Washington, 1999.
—A foundational English-language academic study of RTL and political discipline.

Wang, Xueliang (王学亮). 《中国劳动教养制度研究》. 北京：中国社会科学出版社, 2004.
—One of the most detailed Chinese-language institutional histories of laojiao.