Editing Openai/68105966-5548-8006-adba-6fa90df30a01 (section)

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==== Context: ====
After WWII, the U.S. wanted to make sure Canada — with all its resources — stayed on "Team America" during the Cold War.

Presidents:
* Harry Truman (D) (1945–1953)
* Dwight Eisenhower (R) (1953–1961)

Prime Ministers:
* Louis St. Laurent (Liberal) (1948–1957)
* John Diefenbaker (Progressive Conservative) (1957–1963)

Intervention Goals:
* Keep Canadian uranium (for nukes) flowing south.
* Build NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command) to control Arctic airspace.
* Stop Canada from being "too independent" in foreign policy.

Agencies Involved:
* CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
* U.S. Air Force
* State Department

Notable Actions:
* Pushed Canada hard to join NORAD (1957) — meaning U.S. got joint control over Canadian skies.
* CIA kept tabs on Canadian politicians to make sure they were "anti-Communist enough."

==== Presidents: ====
* John F. Kennedy (D) (1961–1963)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963–1969)

Prime Ministers:
* John Diefenbaker (PC) (until 1963)
* Lester B. Pearson (Liberal) (1963–1968)
* Pierre Trudeau (Liberal) (1968–1979)

Intervention Goals:
* Push Canada closer to U.S. foreign policy (Vietnam, Cuba).
* Expand CIA influence over Canadian media and universities.
* Control Canadian opinion about the Cold War.

Agencies Involved:
* CIA
* U.S. State Department
* Voice of America (propaganda radio)

Notable Actions:
* CIA-funded Canadian journalists and professors (some unknowingly) to promote pro-U.S. ideas.
* Quiet pressure on Pearson and Trudeau to support U.S. actions in Vietnam — failed with Trudeau.
* MKULTRA experiments on mind control were run in Montreal, with funding from the CIA through Dr. Ewen Cameron at the Allan Memorial Institute (1957–1964).

==== Presidents: ====
* Richard Nixon (R) (1969–1974)
* Gerald Ford (R) (1974–1977)
* Jimmy Carter (D) (1977–1981)

Prime Ministers:
* Pierre Trudeau (Liberal) (1968–1979)

Intervention Goals:
* Protect U.S. oil and gas access.
* Block Trudeau's "Third Option" (closer economic ties to Europe and Asia instead of the U.S.).

Agencies Involved:
* CIA
* State Department
* U.S. oil corporations

Notable Actions:
* Nixon was caught on tape calling Trudeau "that asshole" — tensions were high.
* American oil companies quietly lobbied (and funded campaigns) to defeat Canadian efforts at nationalizing resources (e.g., Petro-Canada creation in 1975).

==== Presidents: ====
* Ronald Reagan (R) (1981–1989)

Prime Ministers:
* Pierre Trudeau (Liberal) (until 1984)
* John Turner (Liberal) (1984)
* Brian Mulroney (Progressive Conservative) (1984–1993)

Intervention Goals:
* Lock Canada into U.S. economic orbit through a Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
* Weaken Canadian nationalism.

Agencies Involved:
* CIA (indirect influence)
* U.S. Chamber of Commerce
* U.S. Treasury Department

Notable Actions:
* Heavy American lobbying helped Mulroney push through the FTA in 1988.
* The FTA (later NAFTA) made it harder for Canada to control its own industries and policies without U.S. say-so.

==== Presidents: ====
* George H.W. Bush (R) (1989–1993)
* Bill Clinton (D) (1993–2001)

Prime Ministers:
* Brian Mulroney (PC) (until 1993)
* Kim Campbell (PC) (1993)
* Jean Chrétien (Liberal) (1993–2003)

Intervention Goals:
* Cement U.S. economic dominance under NAFTA.
* Overwhelm Canadian media and culture with American products.

Agencies Involved:
* U.S. Trade Representative (USTR)
* Big U.S. entertainment corporations (Disney, Time Warner, etc.)

Notable Actions:
* NAFTA signed (1994), leading to mass deindustrialization in parts of Canada.
* Pressure against Canadian cultural protections (e.g., Canadian Content rules on TV/radio).

==== Presidents: ====
* George W. Bush (R) (2001–2009)

Prime Ministers:
* Jean Chrétien (Liberal) (until 2003)
* Paul Martin (Liberal) (2003–2006)
* Stephen Harper (Conservative) (2006–2015)

Intervention Goals:
* Tighten U.S. control over North American security post-9/11.
* Integrate Canadian defense, intelligence, and border policies into U.S. systems.

Agencies Involved:
* CIA
* NSA (National Security Agency)
* DHS (Department of Homeland Security)
* FBI

Notable Actions:
* NORAD expanded to include maritime security (2006).
* Canada joined U.S. in Afghanistan — seen partly as political pressure.
* Border thickening ("Smart Border" initiatives) gave U.S. more say over Canadian immigration and customs policies.
* NSA spied on Canadian government during trade negotiations (revealed by Edward Snowden in 2013).

==== Presidents: ====
* Barack Obama (D) (2009–2017)
* Donald Trump (R) (2017–2021)

Prime Ministers:
* Stephen Harper (Conservative) (until 2015)
* Justin Trudeau (Liberal) (2015–present as of 2025)

Intervention Goals:
* Control Canadian oil exports.
* Force Canada to soften its environmental regulations.
* Use economic threats (tariffs) to manipulate Canadian policies.

Agencies Involved:
* USTR
* State Department
* CIA (monitoring trade talks)

Notable Actions:
* Trump slapped tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminum in 2018, citing "national security" — forcing Canada to cave on parts of the USMCA (new NAFTA).
* Heavy U.S. lobbying against Canadian carbon taxes and environmental laws (especially Alberta oil sands).
* U.S. political consultants increasingly active in Canadian election messaging (especially on social media).

==== Presidents: ====
* Joe Biden (D) (2021–present)

Prime Ministers:
* Justin Trudeau (Liberal) (still in office, as of April 2025)

Intervention Goals:
* Keep Canada aligned with U.S. policy toward China and Russia.
* Influence Canadian social media narratives.
* Secure U.S. corporate interests (especially tech and biotech).

Agencies Involved:
* CIA
* NSA
* DHS
* U.S. Big Tech firms (Meta, Google, Microsoft)

Notable Actions:
* Ongoing U.S. surveillance of Canadian communications (Five Eyes program).
* American tech platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X) controlling information flows that influence Canadian elections and protests.
* Pushback against Canadian internet regulations (Bill C-11, etc.) seen as "censorship" by U.S. interests — coordinated lobbying by American tech giants.
* Steady promotion of U.S.-favored candidates and policies via online ad targeting and influencer "astro-turfing" (fake grassroots campaigns).