Editing Openai/690e264c-c9e4-800c-ae44-f3cf949de7b4 (section)

==== Versions of this observation appear in: ====
* Philip Hitti, History of the Arabs — “The conquered conquered the conquerors.”
* Ignaz Goldziher, Muhammedanische Studien — saw hadith and fiqh as post-prophetic constructions under Persian influence.
* Wilfred Cantwell Smith and Marshall Hodgson — emphasized that “Islam became a civilization” (the Islamicate) after its Persianization.
* Bernard Lewis — noted that “Islam became more Persian than Arab” in administration and theology.

So, while the phrase “Islam became Mohammedanism” sounds polemical today, it originally described that civilizational mutation —
from charismatic revelation to institutional religion.