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=== Assistant: 以下是我對過去一年來,Germany(德國)經濟狀況的整理與評論 — 包含現況、背後原因,以及未來展望/風險。 === 以下是我對過去一年來,Germany(德國)經濟狀況的整理與評論 — 包含現況、背後原因,以及未來展望/風險。 ==== - Bundesbank(德國央行)與 ifo Institute 等機構估測,德國經濟在 2024–2025 年表現疲弱。2024 年實質 GDP 出現約 −0.2% 的萎縮。 衛報<ref>{{cite web|title=衛報|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/15/german-economy-shrinks-for-second-year-in-a-row-2024|publisher=theguardian.com|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> ==== * 2025 年整體經濟可能僅「停滯」或「微幅成長」。根據 Bundesbank 的 2025 年中期預測,2025 年 calendar-adjusted real GDP 預計為 0.0%;而 ifo Institute 則預測 2025 年成長約 0.3% 。 德國中央銀行<ref>{{cite web|title=德國中央銀行|url=https://www.bundesbank.de/en/press/press-releases/the-bundesbank-s-forecast-for-germany-economic-recovery-slowly-getting-started-959308|publisher=bundesbank.de|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> * 通膨壓力已顯著緩解。經歷 2022–2023 年高通膨後,德國的消費者價格指數(HICP)從高點下降,目前通膨率已回到較溫和的水準。 德國中央銀行<ref>{{cite web|title=德國中央銀行|url=https://www.bundesbank.de/en/press/press-releases/bundesbank-s-forecast-for-germany-falling-inflation-but-not-yet-time-to-sound-the-all-clear-920344|publisher=bundesbank.de|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> * 就業與家庭消費面,有改善跡象。受薪資增長與價格壓力減輕影響,家庭實質所得與消費潛力有所修復。 德國中央銀行<ref>{{cite web|title=德國中央銀行|url=https://www.bundesbank.de/en/press/press-releases/bundesbank-s-forecast-for-germany-falling-inflation-but-not-yet-time-to-sound-the-all-clear-920344|publisher=bundesbank.de|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> * 政府政策轉向:德國政府自 2025 年起啟動擴張性財政政策(public-investment、基礎建設、國防、稅制調整等),希望透過公共支出帶動經濟復甦。 Economy and Finance<ref>{{cite web|title=Economy and Finance|url=https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-surveillance-eu-economies/germany/economic-forecast-germany_en|publisher=Economy and Finance|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> 綜合來看:德國目前處於「疲弱 — 微幅回穩」的階段,短期尚未見強勁成長,但通膨壓力緩和、消費有改善,公共政策也提供支持,情勢略有好轉。 ==== 以下是導致目前德國經濟趨勢的主要因素/挑戰: ==== ===== 德國長期依靠製造業、出口導向驅動經濟,但過去幾年中,全球需求疲軟、能源價格上漲、競爭加劇,讓德國工業(尤其是汽車、傳統重工業)大受衝擊。2024 年製造業與能源密集產業成長顯著下滑。 衛報<ref>{{cite web|title=衛報|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/15/german-economy-shrinks-for-second-year-in-a-row-2024|publisher=theguardian.com|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> ===== 此外,營建業也受原料價格高與利率上升影響,建案減少。 衛報<ref>{{cite web|title=衛報|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/15/german-economy-shrinks-for-second-year-in-a-row-2024|publisher=theguardian.com|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> ===== 過去俄烏戰爭後,歐洲包含德國在內皆面臨能源價格飆漲,加重企業成本與家庭支出負擔。這抑制投資、削弱消費,導致經濟活力減弱。 多數經濟展望文件均將能源價格與全球供應鏈不穩列為主要風險來源。 德國中央銀行<ref>{{cite web|title=德國中央銀行|url=https://www.bundesbank.de/en/press/press-releases/the-bundesbank-s-forecast-for-germany-economy-struggling-with-persistent-headwinds-947562|publisher=bundesbank.de|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> ===== ===== 國際貿易與全球供應鏈變動,加上美國等地可能的保護主義(關稅、貿易壁壘),使德國出口與製造業面臨壓力。這對依賴出口的經濟結構而言是一大挑戰。 德國中央銀行<ref>{{cite web|title=德國中央銀行|url=https://www.bundesbank.de/en/press/press-releases/the-bundesbank-s-forecast-for-germany-economic-recovery-slowly-getting-started-959308|publisher=bundesbank.de|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> ===== ===== 德國面臨人口老化、勞動力減少的問題;加上傳統產業的競爭力下降,新興產業與數位轉型相對滯後,使得經濟結構轉型壓力大。這些結構性問題限制了德國恢復高速成長的潛力。 德國中央銀行<ref>{{cite web|title=德國中央銀行|url=https://www.bundesbank.de/en/press/press-releases/the-bundesbank-s-forecast-for-germany-economy-struggling-with-persistent-headwinds-947562|publisher=bundesbank.de|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> ===== ===== 即使公部門開始大規模投資,但私部門企業投資在短期仍偏保守 — 尤其在不確定性高、訂單不足、全球需求疲弱的情況下。這使得整體投資動能不足。 德國中央銀行<ref>{{cite web|title=德國中央銀行|url=https://www.bundesbank.de/en/press/press-releases/the-bundesbank-s-forecast-for-germany-economic-recovery-slowly-getting-started-959308|publisher=bundesbank.de|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> ===== ==== - 根據歐盟近期經濟預測,德國 2026、2027 年 GDP 成長可能回升至 ~1.2%/年。主要推動力來自公共投資、基礎建設支出與消費回升。 Economy and Finance<ref>{{cite web|title=Economy and Finance|url=https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-surveillance-eu-economies/germany/economic-forecast-germany_en|publisher=Economy and Finance|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> ==== * 若政府擴張性財政政策持續、並適當引導投資(例如基礎建設、綠能、數位轉型、創新產業),有機會改善結構問題、提升整體競爭力。 Economy and Finance<ref>{{cite web|title=Economy and Finance|url=https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-surveillance-eu-economies/germany/economic-forecast-germany_en|publisher=Economy and Finance|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref> * 然而,若全球貿易環境不穩(如貿易保護主義、全球經濟衰退)、能源價格再衝擊、或內部改革遲緩,德國經濟很可能再度閃崩 — 特別是其傳統出口與製造業所依賴的外部市場動態。 ==== 我認為,過去一年德國經濟反映的是「結構性轉型的陣痛期」 —— 傳統出口/製造業模式在全球趨勢改變與能源成本飆升的夾擊下出現疲軟,而德國必須在「舊經濟(重工 + 製造 + 出口)」與「新經濟(綠色能源、數位化、高技術、新產業)」之間找到新的定位。 ==== 目前公部門透過擴張性財政與公共投資提供支撐,給了經濟「喘息空間」。若能把握時機,加快結構改革 —— 提升創新能力、放寬創業與產業新進的障礙、扶植數位/綠能/高技術產業、改善勞動市場彈性 —— 德國仍有可能重塑其在歐洲、全球的競爭力。 但若僅依靠財政支出而不推動根本改革,那麼德國可能只能維持「低成長、低波動」的停滯狀態。對歐洲來說,也可能意味著:曾經的「歐洲工業引擎」將失去動力。 如果你願意,我可以幫你整理「過去 10 年德國經濟走勢 + 2025–2027 年官方/機構預測」的完整圖表/時間序列,方便做比較分析 —— 想要我幫你做這樣的整理嗎? 進一步新聞reuters.comGermany's Merz sees signs economy turning corner, IMF says mid-term prospects constrained3 days ago<ref>{{cite web|title=reuters.comGermany's Merz sees signs economy turning corner, IMF says mid-term prospects constrained3 days ago|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/germanys-spending-surge-sets-stage-recovery-imf-says-2025-11-26/|publisher=reuters.comGermany's Merz sees signs economy turning corner, IMF says mid-term prospects constrained3 days ago|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref>reuters.comGermany needs sweeping reform to regain competitiveness, minister says19 days ago<ref>{{cite web|title=reuters.comGermany needs sweeping reform to regain competitiveness, minister says19 days ago|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/germany-needs-sweeping-reform-regain-competitiveness-minister-says-2025-11-10/|publisher=reuters.comGermany needs sweeping reform to regain competitiveness, minister says19 days ago|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref>ft.comGermany risks 'squandering' growth from debt bazooka, warn top advisers17 days ago<ref>{{cite web|title=ft.comGermany risks 'squandering' growth from debt bazooka, warn top advisers17 days ago|url=https://www.ft.com/content/832002aa-269a-45ee-8131-7ef4b82ba288|publisher=ft.comGermany risks 'squandering' growth from debt bazooka, warn top advisers17 days ago|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref>welt.deBundesbank sieht zarte Erholung nach Konjunkturflaute9 days ago<ref>{{cite web|title=welt.deBundesbank sieht zarte Erholung nach Konjunkturflaute9 days ago|url=https://www.welt.de/newsticker/dpa_nt/infoline_nt/wirtschaft_nt/article691ef552800234221d23c6f7/bundesbank-sieht-zarte-erholung-nach-konjunkturflaute.html|publisher=welt.deBundesbank sieht zarte Erholung nach Konjunkturflaute9 days ago|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref>
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