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类脑计算
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== 传统AI与类脑计算的区别 == 传统人工智能(尤其是深度学习)通常运行在冯·诺依曼体系结构的计算机上,'''将存储和计算分离''';而类脑计算尝试在体系结构上'''集成存储与计算''',模仿大脑神经元“存算一体”的架构,从而减少数据搬移带来的延迟和能耗 (Neuromorphic Vs Traditional Computing | Restackio)。在信息表示方面,传统计算机使用连续的二进制位或高精度数值来表示信息;相比之下,类脑系统以'''脉冲(尖峰)事件来编码和传递信息,每个脉冲代表一条消息 (Neuromorphic Vs Traditional Computing | Restackio)。这种事件驱动方式使得计算可以不连续地发生,更接近生物神经元的工作方式。能耗也是二者的重要区别:大脑和类脑芯片在空闲时几乎不消耗能量,只有在脉冲产生时才有能量开销,因此总体功耗远低于传统芯片(传统处理器往往以瓦特计功耗,而类脑芯片可低至毫瓦级别) (Neuromorphic Vs Traditional Computing | Restackio)。此外,类脑系统具有高度并行'''和'''容错'''的特性——上亿神经元同时工作,局部损坏并不导致整体失效,这与传统计算需要集中式时钟同步和对单点故障敏感形成鲜明对比 (Neuromorphic Vs Traditional Computing | Restackio)。简而言之,类脑计算试图让人工智能“更像大脑”运作,无论在信息编码、学习规则还是能效上都向生物智能看齐。
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