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割草机器人
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== 2. 端到端视觉感知与决策体系 == '''深度学习视觉感知''':未来纯视觉割草机器人将采用端到端的视觉感知与决策体系,即从摄像头输入到控制输出形成一体化链路。在感知层面,深度学习将发挥关键作用。通过训练卷积神经网络,机器人可以实现对场景的语义分割和目标检测——将视野中的像素分类为“草地”、“障碍物”、“边界”等类别。这种感知能力使机器人明确“该割哪里,不该去哪里”。例如,Landroid Vision的深度神经网络已经能够区分可割草的草地、需要避开的障碍,以及禁止越界的区域 (Landroid Vision 1 Acre)。这种端到端感知为后续决策奠定了基础。 '''强化学习决策控制''':在决策层面,强化学习(RL)等技术将使机器人学会自主规划和控制。强化学习代理可根据视觉感知的结果实时决定转向、前进或停止等动作,通过不断试错优化策略。有研究将目标检测与强化学习结合,成功实现了仅靠摄像头输入的自动导航和对接控制:他们采用YOLO算法识别导航标志,将结果传递给双深度Q网络(Double DQN)的强化学习控制器,最终让机器人从任意初始位置精确停靠到充电座 ((PDF) Local Navigation and Docking of an Autonomous Robot Mower using Reinforcement Learning and Computer Vision)。这种方法显示出视觉+强化学习的端到端体系能够胜任精细控制任务(如厘米级精度的停靠 ((PDF) Local Navigation and Docking of an Autonomous Robot Mower using Reinforcement Learning and Computer Vision)),未来可扩展到完整的割草路径规划。 '''几何视觉与学习结合''':端到端方案中也可能融合传统几何计算机视觉方法。例如,利用视觉SLAM根据摄像头序列建立环境地图和机器人轨迹,用于全局路径规划;或通过双目摄像头获得深度信息以评估障碍物距离。这些几何方法可以与深度学习感知结合,形成混合决策体系:深度学习负责识别'''是什么'''(如前方是草还是石头),几何视觉负责估计'''在哪里'''(如障碍物距离和方位)。通过融合,机器人既具备环境语义理解,又拥有精准的空间定位。总体而言,未来的视觉感知决策体系将朝着端到端集成的方向发展,可能是**“感知-规划-控制”一体化**架构,由深度学习和强化学习提供主要驱动力,同时辅以必要的几何计算确保可靠性 (A Complete Coverage Path Planning Algorithm for Lawn Mowing Robots Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning) ((PDF) Local Navigation and Docking of an Autonomous Robot Mower using Reinforcement Learning and Computer Vision)。
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