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类脑计算
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== 基本概念和背景 == '''类脑计算'''(Brain-inspired Computing),也称神经形态计算(Neuromorphic Computing),是指从大脑结构和信息处理方式获得启发,来设计人工智能算法和计算机系统的一种范式 (How neuromorphic computing takes inspiration from our brains - IBM Research)。它试图模拟大脑神经元的连接架构和工作原理,使计算机能够像人脑一样高效处理信息。与传统人工智能主要依赖数学模型和梯度下降等方法不同,类脑计算强调'''生物学启发''',采用类似神经元脉冲活动、突触可塑性等机制来处理和存储信息。这一理念源于对人脑卓越性能的追求:人脑仅消耗约20瓦功率却能进行复杂感知和决策,而传统计算机往往耗能巨大却难以匹敌大脑在模式识别、自主学习等方面的灵活性 (How neuromorphic computing takes inspiration from our brains - IBM Research)。 类脑计算的发展伴随着对神经科学的深入研究。从早期的感知机和多层神经网络(受生物神经元启发的第一代、第二代模型),到近年兴起的'''第三代神经网络'''——脉冲神经网络(SNN),人工智能正逐步引入时间维度和更加生物逼真的特性 (神经网络算法 - 一文搞懂SNN(脉冲神经网络) - 文章 - 开发者社区 - 火山引擎)。类脑计算不仅是算法层面的改进,也涉及硬件层面的革命(如类脑芯片、突触存储器等)。本文将聚焦算法层面的突破,向小白读者介绍类脑计算的核心概念、关键算法、最新进展以及实际应用。
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