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咖啡豆
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== 定义与基本介绍 == 咖啡豆是咖啡树果实(咖啡樱桃)的种子,也是制作咖啡饮料的原料来源。咖啡树属于茜草科咖啡属的常绿灌木或小乔木,原产于非洲东部的埃塞俄比亚高原和阿拉伯半岛南部。咖啡樱桃为红色或紫色的浆果,内部通常有两颗种子紧贴在一起,这就是我们所说的两粒咖啡豆;少数果实只包含一颗种子,称为“圆豆(peaberry)”,约占咖啡豆总量的10–15%,有传言认为圆豆的风味更为浓郁。每颗咖啡豆主要由胚乳组成,外层包裹有一层银皮和一层坚硬的内果皮(羊皮纸壳)。咖啡豆在生豆状态下呈绿色,经过烘焙后变为棕色或深褐色并散发出咖啡香气。 '''咖啡树的生长条件:''' 咖啡树适合生长在北回归线与南回归线之间的热带和亚热带地区,全球主要产区也被称为“咖啡带”。这种植物喜温暖湿润的气候:阿拉比卡种咖啡的生长适宜平均温度约15–24 ℃,罗布斯塔种适宜24–30 ℃。年降雨量在1,500–3,000毫米之间较为理想(阿拉比卡需要的雨量略少于罗布斯塔)。土壤以排水良好、富含有机质的酸性土壤为佳,火山土壤尤其有利于咖啡树成长。海拔高度对咖啡品质有显著影响:阿拉比卡咖啡通常种植在高海拔山区(一般在海拔800米以上),而罗布斯塔可以在低海拔平地生长(海拔0–800米)。高海拔地区气候凉爽,咖啡樱桃成熟更慢,使得豆粒更密实,内部糖分和有机酸积累更多,往往能发展出更明亮的酸度和更复杂的风味。因此,高海拔种植的咖啡豆常具有'''较高的酸度'''和'''丰富的香味''',风味层次更加多样;而低海拔速成的咖啡豆则往往缺少这些活跃的酸质和复杂风味。
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