Editing Openai/684c8efd-d510-8009-9dd1-58649bff873c (section)

=== Assistant: Here’s a refined, evidence-based list of 10 countries that operate genuine public state‑owned enterprises SOEs, where p… ===
Here’s a refined, evidence-based list of '''10 countries''' that operate '''genuine public state‑owned enterprises (SOEs)''', where profits flow directly into public funds and support expansive public services like healthcare, education, housing, pensions, etc.:

==== - Nearly '''867,000 SOEs'''—from central to local—each paying sizable dividends and taxes that support urban employment, social stability, and infrastructure in poorer provinces ft.com<ref>{{cite web|title=ft.com|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. ====
* SOEs continue the “iron rice bowl” tradition: they provide lifetime employment, housing, healthcare, and retirement for workers en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>.

==== - The state retains large SOEs in key sectors like energy, telecom, mining, banking. These enterprises fuel public spending on healthcare, education, and rural development . ====
* State enterprise profits fund public goods as part of national industrial strategy.

==== - Virtually every sector is state-controlled: healthcare, education (free from kindergarten to university), housing, social security, agriculture en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1518|publisher=oxfordre.com|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. ====
* Massive investment in social services supported by state-run employment. − Guardian: pensions have lost value in recent inflation, but core services remain free paperzz.com<ref>{{cite web|title=paperzz.com|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/13/cuba-revolutionary-generation-old-age|publisher=theguardian.com|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. − LSE/LAP: 1.4 million state-sector workers received pay raises in 2019, covering public services like health, education, culture, sports, and housing blogs.lse.ac.uk<ref>{{cite web|title=blogs.lse.ac.uk|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2019/08/28/raising-wages-in-cubas-budgeted-state-sector-is-risky-but-necessary/|publisher=blogs.lse.ac.uk|date=2019-08-28|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>.

==== - State ownership in oil (Equinor), hydroelectric (Statkraft), banking (DNB), telecom (Telenor) — profits flow into the '''Government Pension Fund Global''', which only spends investment income, preserving long-term public wealth en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Norway|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. ====
* SOEs employ ~9.6–13% of non-agricultural workers—the highest in OECD en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Norway|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>.

==== - Government-linked companies (GLCs) like SingTel, Singapore Airlines channel profits into public services and infrastructure via entities like Temasek and GIC . ====
* Market‑oriented but state-controlled; funds support housing, healthcare, education, and reserves.

==== - ~339 public institutions (& SOEs) account for ~34% of GDP and 1.5% of employment 2020.tr-ebrd.com<ref>{{cite web|title=2020.tr-ebrd.com|url=https://2020.tr-ebrd.com/state-owned-enterprises/|publisher=2020.tr-ebrd.com|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>. ====
* High transparency via ALIO portal ensures state revenues support social welfare and infrastructure.

==== - Major energy (Gazprom, Rosneft), transport, and minerals sectors are state-owned; governance allows dividend and tax flows to fund pensions, defense, regional budgets. ====
* While more opaque than Nordic models, SOEs are core to public financing 2020.tr-ebrd.com<ref>{{cite web|title=2020.tr-ebrd.com|url=https://2020.tr-ebrd.com/state-owned-enterprises/|publisher=2020.tr-ebrd.com|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref>.

==== - Fully state-owned energy giants (Aramco, SABIC), national airline, utilities—all profits flow to state treasury; funding huge public welfare, education, and healthcare programs. ====

==== - Government-linked companies (like PETRONAS, Khazanah) dominate energy, transport, finance; their surpluses support public healthcare, education, and infrastructure. ====

==== - Though reformed, retains SOEs in utilities, transport, and postal services. Historically directed profits into national budgets and public services . ====

===== - France, Germany, Poland, Ukraine: Though they hold minority stakes, most public services have been privatized or semi-privatized; profits don’t necessarily fund broad public welfare. =====
* Indonesia: While SOEs exist, they often lack direct mechanisms to transfer profits into social funding.
* UAE & Russia: Largely petrostates with limited broader welfare use through SOEs; Russia more opaque.

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===== These countries feature active, state-run enterprises whose revenues are funneled into public funds and services—far beyond token shareholdings. They demonstrate diverse but real models where SOEs serve the people directly, funding healthcare, education, social welfare, pensions, housing, and infrastructure. =====

If you're curious about any specific model—say Cuba’s healthcare system or Singapore’s sovereign‑fund‑backed public housing—just say the word!