Editing Openai/691ef1a1-976c-800d-bd1d-06358880de2a (section)

=== Historical context: The Mughal Empire (c.1526–1857) was a large Muslim-ruled state in India, especially expansive under Akbar and Aurangzeb. The Maratha Empire (c.1674–1818) was a Hindu confederation that rose in response to Mughal decline. Both engaged in military expansion, but their motivations differed: Mughals often invoked jihad under Aurangzeb, while Marathas focused on tribute and territory. ===

==== - Mughal campaigns: Imperial conquests often targeted civilian populations. For example, Akbar’s siege of Chittorgarh (1567–68) resulted in the massacre of ~30,000 Hindu civilians (mostly peasants who sought refuge)en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=After%20capturing%20the%20fort%20on,23). After the mass slaughter, many women and children were enslaved and “many Hindu and Jain temples” were deliberately desecrated on Akbar’s ordersen.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=After%20capturing%20the%20fort%20on,23).  Akbar’s victory proclamation even boasts of using a “bloodthirsty sword” to “erase…infidelity” and destroy temples “all over Hindustan”en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=,and%20have%20destroyed%20temples%20in).  (Scholars Rima Hooja and Satish Chandra independently estimate ~30,000 killed in Chittoren.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India#:~:text=2.%20,course%20of%20which%20about%2030%2C000|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India#:~:text=3.%20,Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20Of%20India|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.)  Other Mughal campaigns – such as Aurangzeb’s Deccan wars and punitive raids – similarly featured large-scale slaughter and enslavement of defeated populations. ====
* Maratha campaigns: Maratha armies also committed brutal raids in their wars, but mainly as “punitive” or fiscal expeditions.  The best-known case is Raghuji Bhonsle’s raids on Bengal (1741–1751): the so‑called “Bargi” invasions devastated western Bengal and Bihar.  Contemporary sources describe systematic plunder and mass killings by Maratha cavalry.  A Bengali chronicle and British writers report that the Bargis “shouted, give us money… when they got no money, they filled peoples' nostrils with water… put the man to death” if tribute was not paidacademia.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/101844893/HISTORICAL_OVERVIEW_OF_BENGAL_AND_SOCIAL_EXCLUSION?uc-sb-sw=12311588#:~:text=Maharashtra%20Purana%3A7%20They%20repeatedly%20shouted%2C,in%20the%20Bargi%20raids%2C%20including|publisher=academia.edu|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  Historian K.M. Chaudhuri calculates that “close to 400,000 people were killed by the Bargis” during these campaignsacademia.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/101844893/HISTORICAL_OVERVIEW_OF_BENGAL_AND_SOCIAL_EXCLUSION?uc-sb-sw=12311588#:~:text=would%20put%20the%20man%20to,in%20the%20Bargi%20raids%2C%20including|publisher=academia.edu|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  Local and European accounts also note that the Marathas “demanded payments, and tortured or killed anyone who couldn’t pay” during their occupation of Bengalen.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire#:~:text=the%20Marathas%20perpetrated%20atrocities%20against,70|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  Similarly, Maratha detachments ravaged Rohilkhand in the 1750s, forcing villagers to flee and looting entire districtsen.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire#:~:text=the%20Marathas%20perpetrated%20atrocities%20against,70|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire#:~:text=During%20the%20Maratha%20invasion%20of,Rohilkhand%20in%20the%201750s|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  These actions were militarily brutal (with widespread killings and looting) but were driven by tribute and plunder, not by a stated religious crusade.

==== - Mughal policies: The early Mughals (Babur, Akbar) alternated tolerance (Akbar abolished jizya in 1579) with orthodox repression (Aurangzeb re-imposed jizya in 1679 and strictly enforced Islamic law).  Aurangzeb in particular targeted non-Muslims: he authorized destruction of Hindu temples (beyond battle zones) and even ordered the execution of Sikh Gurus.  For instance, the 9th Sikh Guru, Tegh Bahadur, was executed in 1675 for refusing to convert to Islamsikhmissionarysociety.org<ref>{{cite web|title=sikhmissionarysociety.org|url=https://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org/sms/smsarticles/advisorypanel/inderjeet-singh/understanding-the-martyrdom-of-guru-tegh-bahadar-using-17th-and-18th-century-sources/#:~:text=Guru%2C%20to%20display%20some%20miracle,15|publisher=sikhmissionarysociety.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  Aurangzeb’s own proclamations and some chronicles frame conquests as jihad – he described campaigns as establishing “Islam over the infidels”en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=,and%20have%20destroyed%20temples%20in).  Modern historians note that tales of forced conversions and temple-smashing under Aurangzeb are widespread (charges include reinstating jizya tax and mass “wholesale murder” of non-Muslims)repository.rice.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=repository.rice.edu|url=https://repository.rice.edu/bitstreams/18b7ddd8-a843-4976-9892-9a484025b625/download#:~:text=The%20charges%20include%20forcing%20conversions%2C,How%20to%20Build%20a%20Villain|publisher=repository.rice.edu|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  While some recent scholarship argues that Aurangzeb’s persecution was less systematic than nationalist narratives suggest, the evidence shows clear instances of religious coercion (taxing Hindus, demolishing temples, imprisoning dissenters) under his reignen.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=After%20capturing%20the%20fort%20on,23)sikhmissionarysociety.org<ref>{{cite web|title=sikhmissionarysociety.org|url=https://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org/sms/smsarticles/advisorypanel/inderjeet-singh/understanding-the-martyrdom-of-guru-tegh-bahadar-using-17th-and-18th-century-sources/#:~:text=Guru%2C%20to%20display%20some%20miracle,15|publisher=sikhmissionarysociety.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>. ====
* Maratha policies: The Marathas were Hindu rulers and did not pursue a policy of converting conquered peoples to Hinduism or Islam.  There was no Maratha equivalent of jizya; in fact, they often protected Hindu temples.  When conflicts had a religious dimension, it was usually defensive (e.g. campaigns against Muslim-ruled states), not aimed at coercing subjects.  That said, Maratha armies occasionally plundered local shrines in wartime.  For example, during the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–92), a Maratha contingent under Purseram Bhow reportedly destroyed the Sringeri Hindu temple (in South India), plundering it and killing or wounding the Brahmin residentsen.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War#:~:text=after%20they%20had%20committed%20treason%2C,funds%20to%20help%20restore%20the|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  This sacrilege caused outrage locally (the temple’s head appealed for Tipu Sultan’s helpen.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War#:~:text=after%20they%20had%20committed%20treason%2C,funds%20to%20help%20restore%20the|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>).  But such incidents were episodic.  On balance, Maratha rule is generally not marked by widespread religious persecution of non-Marathas; Maratha demands were almost always fiscal or strategic, not doctrinal.

==== - Mughal record: Mughal sieges and suppressions routinely involved mass civilian casualties.  Aside from Chittoren.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=After%20capturing%20the%20fort%20on,23), other sieges (e.g. Ranthambore 1569, Gwalior 1528) similarly record slaughter of non-combatants in victory.  Mughal armies also looted and desecrated cultural sites.  Akbar’s conquest of Chittor included deliberate temple destructionen.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=After%20capturing%20the%20fort%20on,23); his own Fathnama boasts of destroying idols “all over Hindustan”en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=,and%20have%20destroyed%20temples%20in).  Aurangzeb issued orders to demolish a major Sikh shrine in Sirhind (1675) and convert temples into mosquessikhmissionarysociety.org<ref>{{cite web|title=sikhmissionarysociety.org|url=https://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org/sms/smsarticles/advisorypanel/inderjeet-singh/understanding-the-martyrdom-of-guru-tegh-bahadar-using-17th-and-18th-century-sources/#:~:text=HR%20Gupta%20mentions%20that%20the,10|publisher=sikhmissionarysociety.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>sikhmissionarysociety.org<ref>{{cite web|title=sikhmissionarysociety.org|url=https://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org/sms/smsarticles/advisorypanel/inderjeet-singh/understanding-the-martyrdom-of-guru-tegh-bahadar-using-17th-and-18th-century-sources/#:~:text=Guru%2C%20to%20display%20some%20miracle,15|publisher=sikhmissionarysociety.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  Even Akbar (generally seen as tolerant) is noted to have ordered the desecration of temples at Chittoren.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=After%20capturing%20the%20fort%20on,23).  Thus, Mughal military campaigns often entailed cultural destruction as part of warfare. ====
* Maratha record: Maratha armies also looted and sometimes destroyed cultural sites during campaigns, but not as a systematic imperial policy.  As above, the Sringeri temple raid (1791)en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War#:~:text=after%20they%20had%20committed%20treason%2C,funds%20to%20help%20restore%20the|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref> is one documented example of temple sacrilege by Marathas.  In Bengal, the Bargi invasions are said to have ruined agriculture and crafts, as artisans and weavers were killedacademia.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/101844893/HISTORICAL_OVERVIEW_OF_BENGAL_AND_SOCIAL_EXCLUSION?uc-sb-sw=12311588#:~:text=would%20put%20the%20man%20to,in%20the%20Bargi%20raids%2C%20including|publisher=academia.edu|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  But Maratha rule is also credited in some cases with restoring and patronizing temples (Shivaji famously protected Hindu shrines in Bijapur territory, though those traditions are more legendary).  Importantly, Marathas did not have a policy of converting captured temples into other religious uses, unlike Mughal precedent under Aurangzeb.  The violence they inflicted was primarily on civilian populations (loot, slaughter for tribute) rather than ideological iconoclasm, though both occurred during wartime plunder.

==== - Mughals: The Mughal administration imposed heavy taxes.  Under Akbar’s Zabti system, up to ~50% of a peasant’s produce could be collected; non-Muslim peasants also paid the jizya (head tax) until Aurangzeb abolished it again in 1700.  The overall fiscal pressure on rural society was severe, contributing to peasant unrest (as described in sources like Abu’l Fazl’s Ain-i-Akbari).  Aurangzeb’s reimposition of jizya in 1679 (after decades of Akbar’s abolition) added a religiously punitive burden on Hindusrepository.rice.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=repository.rice.edu|url=https://repository.rice.edu/bitstreams/18b7ddd8-a843-4976-9892-9a484025b625/download#:~:text=The%20charges%20include%20forcing%20conversions%2C,How%20to%20Build%20a%20Villain|publisher=repository.rice.edu|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  Thus Mughal revenue policy could be harsh, though it was codified rather than ad-hoc. ====
* Marathas: The hallmark of Maratha economic policy in conquered regions was the Chauth (25% land revenue) and Sardeshmukhi (additional 10%) tribute.  For example, after repeated Bargi raids the Nawab of Bengal agreed in 1751 to pay Rs. 1.2 million annually to the Marathas as Chauthacademia.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/101844893/HISTORICAL_OVERVIEW_OF_BENGAL_AND_SOCIAL_EXCLUSION?uc-sb-sw=12311588#:~:text=Maratha%20invasions%20forced%20the%20Nawab,16%20The%20Bargi|publisher=academia.edu|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref> (plus a large lump sum for arrears).  Failure to pay invited renewed invasion – Bengal and Bihar were “economically ruined” by relentless Maratha extractionacademia.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/101844893/HISTORICAL_OVERVIEW_OF_BENGAL_AND_SOCIAL_EXCLUSION?uc-sb-sw=12311588#:~:text=would%20put%20the%20man%20to,in%20the%20Bargi%20raids%2C%20including|publisher=academia.edu|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  Contemporary accounts emphasize that the Marathas “demanded payments, and tortured or killed anyone who couldn’t pay” during their campaignsen.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire#:~:text=the%20Marathas%20perpetrated%20atrocities%20against,70|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  In short, Maratha taxation (and war finance) was extremely heavy and enforced by violence, though it took the form of tribute on semi-independent states rather than a uniform peacetime tax system.

==== - Mughal empire: Historical accounts record multiple massacres and forced conversions.  Beyond Chittorgarh (~30,000 slainen.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=After%20capturing%20the%20fort%20on,23)), Aurangzeb’s reign saw large-scale killings (e.g. execution of rebellious Rajputs, mass deaths after Golconda siege).  Persecution of Sikhs under Aurangzeb (9th Guru executedsikhmissionarysociety.org<ref>{{cite web|title=sikhmissionarysociety.org|url=https://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org/sms/smsarticles/advisorypanel/inderjeet-singh/understanding-the-martyrdom-of-guru-tegh-bahadar-using-17th-and-18th-century-sources/#:~:text=Guru%2C%20to%20display%20some%20miracle,15|publisher=sikhmissionarysociety.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>), threats to Brahmins, and jizya enforcement indicate targeted oppression.  Contemporary chronicles and later scholars (e.g. Satish Chandra) emphasize these events.  Temple desecrations at Chittor and Sirhind (and elsewhere in Mughal campaigns) are documented in Mughal and local sourcesen.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=After%20capturing%20the%20fort%20on,23)sikhmissionarysociety.org<ref>{{cite web|title=sikhmissionarysociety.org|url=https://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org/sms/smsarticles/advisorypanel/inderjeet-singh/understanding-the-martyrdom-of-guru-tegh-bahadar-using-17th-and-18th-century-sources/#:~:text=HR%20Gupta%20mentions%20that%20the,10|publisher=sikhmissionarysociety.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>. ====
* Maratha empire: The major recorded massacres involve wartime raids.  The Bengal Bargi raids alone may have killed hundreds of thousands (Chaudhuri estimates ~400,000)academia.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/101844893/HISTORICAL_OVERVIEW_OF_BENGAL_AND_SOCIAL_EXCLUSION?uc-sb-sw=12311588#:~:text=would%20put%20the%20man%20to,in%20the%20Bargi%20raids%2C%20including|publisher=academia.edu|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  In Rohilkhand, villagers suffered torture and death if they failed tribute demandsen.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire#:~:text=the%20Marathas%20perpetrated%20atrocities%20against,70|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  However, the Marathas did not systematically convert or kill people for religious reasons.  No large-scale forced conversion is recorded under Maratha rule, and they generally allowed religious autonomy (often patronizing Hindu institutions).  Maratha atrocities were thus more episodic and economic in motivation.  For example, the Sringeri temple incidenten.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War#:~:text=after%20they%20had%20committed%20treason%2C,funds%20to%20help%20restore%20the|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref> shows violence against Hindus, but it was an isolated wartime sacrilege (even Tipu Sultan responded by helping rebuild it)en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War#:~:text=after%20they%20had%20committed%20treason%2C,funds%20to%20help%20restore%20the|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.  Modern historians note that Maratha violence, while brutal, was generally “commensurate with 18th-century Indian warfare”academia.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/101844893/HISTORICAL_OVERVIEW_OF_BENGAL_AND_SOCIAL_EXCLUSION?uc-sb-sw=12311588#:~:text=Maharashtra%20Purana%3A7%20They%20repeatedly%20shouted%2C,in%20the%20Bargi%20raids%2C%20including|publisher=academia.edu|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire#:~:text=the%20Marathas%20perpetrated%20atrocities%20against,70|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref> – severe, but not explicitly genocide or mass religious persecution.

==== In sum, both empires committed serious atrocities in war, but the scope and nature differed. The Mughal Empire – especially under Aurangzeb – engaged in large-scale, ideologically driven campaigns: mass slaughters of rebel towns (e.g. ~30,000 at Chittoren.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=After%20capturing%20the%20fort%20on,23)) and temple destructions proclaimed as holy waren.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=,and%20have%20destroyed%20temples%20in).  In contrast, the Marathas’ campaigns, while often bloody (hundreds of thousands killed in Bengalacademia.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/101844893/HISTORICAL_OVERVIEW_OF_BENGAL_AND_SOCIAL_EXCLUSION?uc-sb-sw=12311588#:~:text=would%20put%20the%20man%20to,in%20the%20Bargi%20raids%2C%20including|publisher=academia.edu|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>), were primarily aimed at extracting tribute and weakening enemies; they lacked an overarching policy of religious conversion or systemic ethnic cleansing.  Both regimes levied heavy taxes, but Mughals did so through state bureaucracy (with jizya on Hindus under Aurangzeb), whereas Marathas relied on irregular tribute (chauth) often enforced by violenceacademia.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/101844893/HISTORICAL_OVERVIEW_OF_BENGAL_AND_SOCIAL_EXCLUSION?uc-sb-sw=12311588#:~:text=Maratha%20invasions%20forced%20the%20Nawab,16%20The%20Bargi|publisher=academia.edu|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire#:~:text=the%20Marathas%20perpetrated%20atrocities%20against,70|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>. ====

Conclusion: The evidence suggests Mughal-era atrocities (notably under Aurangzeb) were on a larger and more ideologically punitive scale than those of the Marathas.  Maratha forces certainly committed brutal massacres and temple raids in wartime (notably in Bengal and the Deccan), but these acted as war exactions rather than a state creed.  Scholarly sources and contemporaneous chronicles confirm that while both empires were ruthless to civilian populations in battle, Maratha violence did not match the systematic religious persecutions and empire-wide massacres recorded under the Mughalsen.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=After%20capturing%20the%20fort%20on,23)academia.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/101844893/HISTORICAL_OVERVIEW_OF_BENGAL_AND_SOCIAL_EXCLUSION?uc-sb-sw=12311588#:~:text=would%20put%20the%20man%20to,in%20the%20Bargi%20raids%2C%20including|publisher=academia.edu|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>.

Sources: Historical studies and primary accounts of Mughal and Maratha campaignsen.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>#:~:text=After%20capturing%20the%20fort%20on,23)sikhmissionarysociety.org<ref>{{cite web|title=sikhmissionarysociety.org|url=https://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org/sms/smsarticles/advisorypanel/inderjeet-singh/understanding-the-martyrdom-of-guru-tegh-bahadar-using-17th-and-18th-century-sources/#:~:text=Guru%2C%20to%20display%20some%20miracle,15|publisher=sikhmissionarysociety.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>academia.edu<ref>{{cite web|title=academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/101844893/HISTORICAL_OVERVIEW_OF_BENGAL_AND_SOCIAL_EXCLUSION?uc-sb-sw=12311588#:~:text=would%20put%20the%20man%20to,in%20the%20Bargi%20raids%2C%20including|publisher=academia.edu|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire#:~:text=the%20Marathas%20perpetrated%20atrocities%20against,70|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War#:~:text=after%20they%20had%20committed%20treason%2C,funds%20to%20help%20restore%20the|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India#:~:text=2.%20,course%20of%20which%20about%2030%2C000|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>en.wikipedia.org<ref>{{cite web|title=en.wikipedia.org|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India#:~:text=3.%20,Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20Of%20India|publisher=en.wikipedia.org|access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>. These include academic histories of Rajasthan/Bengal, Mughal-era chronicles, and modern analyses of regional conflicts. Each claim above is supported by cited scholarship or contemporary reports.