Editing Openai/69311b5c-ad5c-8001-b535-51ea351e29fe (section)

=== 3. Modes of Operation in SP-HEV ===

Your notes list multiple operating modes; here they are in exam-ready form:

===== 1) EV Mode (Motor-only mode) =====
* Motor receives power from battery.
* Engine remains OFF.
* Used during low-speed city driving.

===== 2) Engine Drive Mode (ICE-only mode) =====
* Engine mechanical output goes directly to wheels via PSD.
* No battery discharge unless needed.
* Used during highway cruising.

===== 3) Series Mode (Engine → Generator → Motor) =====
* Engine drives generator.
* Generator supplies power to motor OR battery.
* Motor drives wheels.
* Used when: - SOC is low - Vehicle at moderate speeds

===== 4) Parallel Mode (Engine + Motor) =====
* Both engine and motor supply torque to wheels.
* Used for: - Acceleration - Hill climbing - Heavy load conditions

===== 5) Battery Charging Mode (Engine charging battery) =====
* Excess engine power charges battery via generator.

===== 6) Regenerative Braking Mode =====
* Motor acts as generator during braking.
* Charges the battery.