Jump to content
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
Main page
Recent changes
Random page
freem
Search
Search
Appearance
Create account
Log in
Personal tools
Create account
Log in
Pages for logged out editors
learn more
Contributions
Talk
Editing
Openai/69174844-9774-8012-8b69-32262ca5e35a
(section)
Add languages
Page
Discussion
English
Read
Edit
Edit source
View history
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
Read
Edit
Edit source
View history
General
What links here
Related changes
Special pages
Page information
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
=== Assistant: 好,这个问题非常关键,也是很多初学者理解“小群(little group)”概念的卡点。我们一步步解释。 === 好,这个问题非常关键,也是很多初学者理解“小群(little group)”概念的卡点。我们一步步解释。 ==== : ==== * 这个动量用来定义“小群”,即保持动量不变的所有洛伦兹变换的集合。 * 换句话说: prefμ 是你挑出来的一个典型动量向量,用它来定义小群 W={Λ∈Lorentz∣Λpref=pref}p_\text{ref}^\mu \;\;\text{是你挑出来的一个典型动量向量,用它来定义小群}\, W = \{\Lambda \in \text{Lorentz} \mid \Lambda p_\text{ref} = p_\text{ref}\}prefμ是你挑出来的一个典型动量向量,用它来定义小群W={Λ∈Lorentz∣Λpref=pref} : ==== 1. 洛伦兹群作用在四维动量空间: ==== pμ→Λμνpνp^\mu \rightarrow \Lambda^\mu{}_\nu p^\nupμ→Λμνpν * 不同动量对应不同态,但为了定义内部自由度(自旋或偏振),需要固定一个动量作为“基准”。 * 这个动量称为 参考动量。 # 小群 = 保持参考动量不变的变换: Λpref=pref\Lambda p_\text{ref} = p_\text{ref}Λpref=pref * 其不可约表示描述了粒子在任意动量下的内部自由度。 ==== | | | | ==== | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | : ==== 1. 电子(m>0) - 参考动量:静止电子 pref=(m,0,0,0)p_\text{ref}=(m,0,0,0)pref=(m,0,0,0) - 小群 SO(3) → 自旋 1/2 → 两个投影态 ==== # 光子(m=0) - 参考动量:沿 z 方向 pref=(E,0,0,E)p_\text{ref}=(E,0,0,E)pref=(E,0,0,E) - 小群 ISO(2) → 只有 helicity ±1 → 两个偏振态 - 任意方向传播的光子 → 用洛伦兹变换把参考动量旋转到实际动量 ==== : ==== 换句话说,参考动量是把群表示问题降到“标准点”的数学工具,物理粒子动量可以通过洛伦兹变换恢复任意值。 如果你愿意,我可以画一张图,把 参考动量 → 小群 → 自旋自由度 的逻辑可视化,让你一眼看懂光子为什么只有两个偏振态,而有质量粒子有 2s+1 个自旋态。 你希望我画吗?
Summary:
Please note that all contributions to freem are considered to be released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (see
Freem:Copyrights
for details). If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then do not submit it here.
You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource.
Do not submit copyrighted work without permission!
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)