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Openai/6946f4fa-e8bc-800b-b77e-c62f6390a97c
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=== ## === ===== : ===== ==== ### ==== An atom travels at 1% the speed of light. Its de Broglie wavelength is 1.46 × 10⁻³ pm. Which element is it? ===== 一個原子以光速的 1% 運動,其德布羅意波長為 ===== 1.46 × 10⁻³ pm。請問此原子最可能是哪一種元素? ===== The de Broglie wavelength is given by ===== λ=hmv\lambda = \frac{h}{mv}λ=mvh At a fixed velocity vvv, the wavelength λ\lambdaλ is inversely proportional to the mass. ===== 德布羅意波長公式為 ===== λ=hmv\lambda = \frac{h}{mv}λ=mvh 在速度固定的情況下: * 質量越大 → 波長越短 * 質量越小 → 波長越長 因此,題目給的是「非常短的波長」,代表該原子的質量很大。 ===== 👉 Zr(鋯) ===== ==== ### ==== A photon with a wavelength of 500 nm promotes an electron from n=2n = 2n=2 to n=3n = 3n=3. What can be deduced from this information? ===== 一個波長為 500 nm 的光子,剛好使電子由 ===== n=2n = 2n=2 躍遷至 n=3n = 3n=3。根據此資訊可以推論什麼? ===== Photon energy is related to wavelength by: ===== E=hcλE = \frac{hc}{\lambda}E=λhc This energy equals the energy difference between two levels. ===== 光子的能量由下式決定: ===== E=hcλE = \frac{hc}{\lambda}E=λhc 題目中「剛好能促使電子躍遷」表示: * 光子的能量 = 兩個能階之間的能量差 而不是某一個能階的「絕對能量」。 ===== 👉 the difference in energies between n=2n = 2n=2 and n=3n = 3n=3 ===== 👉 n = 2 與 n = 3 之間的能量差 ==== ### ==== Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is not allowed? ===== 下列哪一組量子數是不合法的? ===== ===== Quantum number rules: ===== * n=1,2,3,…n = 1, 2, 3, \dotsn=1,2,3,… * l=0∼(n−1)l = 0 \sim (n-1)l=0∼(n−1) * ml=−l∼+lm_l = -l \sim +lml=−l∼+l * ms=±12m_s = \pm \frac{1}{2}ms=±21 ===== 量子數中最常考的限制是: ===== * 角量子數 lll 一定要小於主量子數 nnn 例如: * 若 n=1n = 1n=1,則 l只能是0l 只能是 0l只能是0 * l=1l = 1l=1 在 n=1n = 1n=1 時是 不可能的 ===== 👉 含有 n=1,l=1n = 1, l = 1n=1,l=1 的選項為不合法 ===== ==== ### ==== The small energy differences between 3s, 3p, and 3d orbitals are mainly due to what? ===== 3s、3p 與 3d 軌域之間的小能量差主要是由哪個因素造成? ===== ===== Orbitals with the same nnn but different shapes have different penetration. ===== ===== 在多電子原子中: ===== * s 軌域最容易靠近原子核 * p 次之 * d 最差 這稱為 穿透效應(penetration effect)。 穿透效應越大 → 感受到的核電荷越大 → 能量越低。 ===== 👉 penetration effect(穿透效應) ===== ==== ### ==== How many unpaired electrons are there in a sulfur atom in its ground state? ===== 硫原子在基態時有多少個未成對電子? ===== ===== Sulfur has atomic number 16. ===== Electron configuration: 1s22s22p63s23p41s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^41s22s22p63s23p4 ===== 硫的價電子為 3p43p^43p4。 ===== 依 洪特規則(Hund’s rule): * 電子會先單獨佔據不同軌域 * 再開始成對 三個 p 軌域中放 4 個電子,結果為: * 2 個未成對電子 ===== 👉 2 ===== ==== ### ==== Which of the following have 10 electrons in the d orbitals? ===== 下列哪些元素的 d 軌域中有 10 個電子? ===== ===== 常見 d¹⁰ 元素: ===== * Cu:ArArAr 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ * Zn:ArArAr 3d¹⁰ 4s² ===== 👉 Cu and Zn(兩者) ===== ==== ### ==== The first ionization energy of Mg is 735 kJ/mol. The second ionization energy is: ===== 鎂的第一游離能為 735 kJ/mol,則第二游離能為? ===== ===== 每移除一個電子: ===== * 原子變得更正 * 剩下的電子受到更強吸引 因此: * 第二游離能一定大於第一 ===== 👉 greater than 735 kJ/mol ===== ==== ### ==== Which of the following orderings give a correct trend in ionization energy? ===== 下列哪幾組排列正確呈現游離能趨勢? ===== ===== 游離能趨勢: ===== * 同一週期:由左 → 右增加 * 同一族:由上 → 下減少 ===== 👉 I and IV ===== ==== ### ==== Which of the following statements is true? ===== 下列哪一個敘述正確? ===== ===== 同一元素形成不同陽離子時: ===== * 電荷越高 → 半徑越小 因此: * Fe²⁺ > Fe³⁺(半徑) ===== 👉 The ionic radius of Fe²⁺ is larger than that of Fe³⁺ ===== ==== ### ==== Sodium losing an electron is an ______ process and fluorine losing an electron is an ______ process. ===== 鈉失去一個電子與氟失去一個電子,分別為何種反應? ===== ===== 「失去電子」= 游離能 ===== 👉 所有游離能都是吸熱反應(endothermic) 不論是金屬或非金屬。 ===== 👉 endothermic, endothermic ===== ==== 請你只回覆一句話即可,例如: ==== * ✅「這個版本 OK,請用這個深度繼續 Q11–Q20」 * 或 ❗「Q3 / Q8 我想再更慢一點」 我會完全照這個標準,把 Q1–Q60 全部完成成一整套正式講義+詳解附錄。
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