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==== 2. 美日利差與美聯儲政策影響 ==== 美聯儲政策走勢:未來十年美國利率預計經歷數個週期波動,但總體趨勢可能維持在歷史平均水準之上。一方面,美聯儲將持續以2%的通膨目標為導向,在通膨壓力升高時維持偏高的政策利率;另一方面,在經濟放緩或衰退時亦可能階段性降息。總體而言,市場預期美國利率中樞將高於2010年代的超低水準。尤其在當前週期(2020年代中期),美聯儲政策利率已升至5%左右的高位,未來可能在'''“較長時間維持較高利率”'''的基調下運行。這意味著未來幾年美元利率大概率繼續高於日圓利率水準。 美日利差對日圓的影響:歷史經驗顯示,日美利率差是美元/日圓匯率的主要驅動因素之一privatebank.jpmorgan.com<ref>{{cite web|title=privatebank.jpmorgan.com|url=https://privatebank.jpmorgan.com/eur/en/insights/markets-and-investing/amid-rate-cuts-do-carry-trades-still-work#:~:text=volatility,of%20the%20past%20three%20years|publisher=privatebank.jpmorgan.com|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。當美國利率遠高於日本時,全球資金傾向於持有美元計價資產,同時將日圓作為低成本融資貨幣,導致日圓相對走弱reuters.com<ref>{{cite web|title=reuters.com|url=https://www.reuters.com/graphics/JAPAN-YEN/EXPLAINER/xmvjnxjmbvr/#:~:text=Various%20factors%20caused%20the%20yen%E2%80%99s,That%20reduced%20demand%20for%20yen|publisher=reuters.com|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。近期的例子是,2022年美聯儲將利率從接近0快速提高到4%以上,而BOJ仍維持-0.1%的利率不變,兩國利差急劇擴大,結果日圓匯率從約¥110一路貶值超過¥150foreignpolicy.com<ref>{{cite web|title=foreignpolicy.com|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/11/29/bank-of-japan-yen-depreciation-currency-inflation/#:~:text=The%20core%20policy%20issue%20underlying,percent%20so%20far%20this%20year|publisher=foreignpolicy.com|date=2022-11-29|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>foreignpolicy.com<ref>{{cite web|title=foreignpolicy.com|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/11/29/bank-of-japan-yen-depreciation-currency-inflation/#:~:text=On%20Oct,rate%20eclipsed%20150%20to%201|publisher=foreignpolicy.com|date=2022-11-29|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。相反,當美日利差縮小時(日方利率上升或美方利率下降),日圓往往轉為升值趨勢。例如,有分析預計在未來一年隨著Fed降息和BOJ持續正常化政策,日美利差將從兩端收斂,日圓將出現溫和升值privatebank.jpmorgan.com<ref>{{cite web|title=privatebank.jpmorgan.com|url=https://privatebank.jpmorgan.com/eur/en/insights/markets-and-investing/amid-rate-cuts-do-carry-trades-still-work#:~:text=We%20expect%20moderate%20appreciation%20of,highly%20restrictive%20monetary%20policy%20to|publisher=privatebank.jpmorgan.com|access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>。總的來看,較大的美日利差會導致日圓貶值壓力增強,而利差收斂則有利於日圓升值。未來十年如果美聯儲維持比日本更高的利率水準(“高利差常態化”),日圓可能傾向偏弱;但若美國經濟週期使其利率下行甚至低於日本(雖然可能性較低),日圓匯率則有明顯上行空間。
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